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Hearing Loss: A Hidden Risk Factor for Dementia

shekinah — Thu, 20 Nov 2025 00:34:34 +0000

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Hearing Loss is a modifiable risk factor of dementia. This article explores the connection between the two and provides a deeper understanding of hearing loss, its signs and symptoms and what can be done to prevent and treat potential hearing loss.

Introduction

By 2050, nearly 2.5 billion people are projected to have some form of hearing loss.¹ According to the Lancet study (2020), hearing loss has been identified as a risk factor for dementia.² The Lancet study (2024), found that hearing loss is estimated to account for 7% of dementia-related cases globally.³ Although it is highly prevalent among seniors, hearing loss is not commonly or well diagnosed, making it an important issue in dementia prevention and care.

What is the Connection of Hearing Loss and Dementia

Hearing loss as a potential risk factor for dementia has gained more prominence in recent years. The 2017 Lancet report found that hearing loss had the highest Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) — a measure that estimates how many cases of a disease could be prevented if a specific risk factor were eliminated. In this case, hearing loss accounted for 23% of potentially preventable dementia cases, more than any other individual risk factor such as depression (10.1%), smoking (13.9%), social isolation (5.9%), high blood pressure (5.1%), or diabetes (3.2%). ⁴

Untreated hearing loss could lead to increased social isolation and changes in one’s brain structure. This is because two main regions of the brain are affected by hearing loss: the temporal lobe and the frontal cortex:

The temporal lobe: Involved with sound processing, and other functions.

The frontal cortex: Involved with attention and executive function, such as decision making and planning.

Hearing loss slows down these functions leading to a rapid deterioration of the brain’s cognitive function in these areas.

Increased Social Isolation

Older adults with hearing loss have trouble in communication, leading to withdrawal from social situations. ⁵ Other studies have also found that poorer social networks, reduced social support and loneliness can increase the risk of dementia in individuals who were initially disease-free, even after modifying other risk factors. ⁶

The link between hearing loss and social isolation reduces opportunities for cognitive stimulation. When individuals are less engaged in conversations they process less stimulating information, which can affect their brain function.

Over time, this reduced cognitive engagement, coupled with declining communication skills, may contribute to cognitive loss and ultimately lead to dementia.

Changes in Brain Structure

Hearing loss has also been related to lead to decreased stimulation of cognitive processing. ⁷ This results in a lack of speech and language input, which can negatively impact brain structure and function, ultimately causing brain tissue to shrink.

Additionally, hearing loss can accelerate subtle cognitive decline such as working memory by increasing the cognitive load on the brain. Specifically, it appears to weaken areas commonly associated with Alzheimer’s disease. ⁸

Types of Hearing Loss

Hearing loss is a condition that affects the way we hear sounds, and it can happen for many reasons.

There are three types of hearing loss (a) Conductive hearing loss and (b) Sensorineural hearing loss and (c) Mixed hearing loss.⁹

Conductive Hearing Loss

This type of hearing loss occurs when sound cannot travel efficiently through the outer and middle parts of the ear to reach the inner ear (the cochlea).

Common causes include:

Ear Blockage: Wax buildup, foreign objects, or infections (like otitis externa).

Perforated Eardrum: A hole or tear in the eardrum caused by trauma or chronic infections.

Damaged Middle Ear Bones (Ossicles): The bones in the middle ear may be dislocated, damaged, or fixed in place due to trauma or diseases like otosclerosis.

Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media): Infection and fluid buildup in the middle ear space can interfere with sound transmission.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

This occurs when there is damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the auditory nerve that sends sound signals to the brain. It is usually permanent and more complex to treat.

Common causes include:

Ageing: Gradual hearing loss that occurs naturally as we age.

Noise Exposure: Prolonged exposure to loud sounds can damage the sensory cells in the cochlea.

Inner Ear Infections: Infections caused by viruses and bacteria, like mumps or flu.

Menière’s Disease: A condition that causes ringing in the ears (tinnitus), hearing loss, and dizziness.

Ototoxic Drugs: Certain medications can damage the hearing nerves or cochlea, including:

Antibiotics: Such as gentamicin and vancomycin

Cancer Drugs: Certain chemotherapy drugs

Mixed Hearing Loss

Mixed hearing loss occurs when a person has both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, meaning there is a problem in both the middle ear (e.g., fluid or blockage) and the inner ear or nerve.

It can happen when someone with long-standing sensorineural hearing loss develops an ear infection or vice versa.

Common Causes:

Chronic ear infections plus age-related hearing loss

Head injury which can affect different parts of the ear

Long-term noise exposure

Early Signs of Hearing Loss

Hearing loss can occur suddenly or gradually, and it can affect one or both ears. Symptoms include:

Difficulty understanding speech in noisy environment

Feel like people are mumbling

Need to repeat themselves for you

Difficulty understanding someone if you are not looking at them

Withdrawal from conversations

Associated ear symptoms, such as earache and ear discharge due to ear infections

Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)

Vertigo (spinning sensations)

Do consult a doctor should you experience these symptoms.

Tips for Prevention and Intervention

The best way to reduce the risk of dementia from hearing loss is to have frequent and regular hearing checkups. It is recommended that seniors should attend a health screening every 1-2 years to stay proactive about their health. ¹²

Prevention

Health Hub functional screening platforms

Project Silver Screen is an affordable, nationwide functional screening programme for Singaporeans aged 60 and above. The Health Hub platform provides a comprehensive list of upcoming functional screenings.

Click on this link to sign up for your health screening: functional screening platforms

Practicing safe listening strategies can also reduce the risk of hearing loss.¹³

Here are some tips to prevent hearing loss:

Keep the volume down. Set your device’s volume level to no more than 60% of the maximum volume.
Use well-fitted and noise cancelling headphones/earpieces.
In noisy places, use ear protectors such as earplugs.
Always stay away from sources of loud sound, such as loudspeakers, noisy machinery etc.
Limit time spent engaged in noisy activities. Give your ears a break frequently from loud sounds. This helps the sensory cells inside the ears recover.
Monitor sound levels. Choose devices with built-in safe listening features that allow you to monitor your exposure.

Tip

Maintain a sound below 70dB as sounds above 70 dB can damage hearing over time.¹⁵

Intervention

Additionally, one can ensure that hearing loss is dealt with quickly through treatment.

These are some treatment and alternative options for managing hearing loss:

Hearing Aids: a small electronic device to wear in or behind your ear. It makes some sounds louder so that a person with hearing loss can listen, communicate, and participate fully in daily activities.

Cochlear Implants: a surgically implanted neuro-prosthetic that provides a person with moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss with sound perception.

It is best to consult an audiologist to decide which is the best option for you or your loved one.

Conclusion

Addressing hearing loss can help reduce the risk of dementia. If you are concerned that someone you know or yourself may be at risk of developing hearing loss, please approach your GP (General Practitioner) or family doctor for a referral.

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Shaping Dementia Landscape in Singapore

shekinah — Fri, 10 Oct 2025 07:38:09 +0000

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Introduction

In the heart of Southeast Asia lies a city-state known for its progress and innovation – Singapore. But before the early 1990s, a quiet struggle unfolded. There was little to no formal support for persons living with dementia. Back then, dementia was often misunderstood, hidden away in silence. Yet change was on the horizon. From government agencies to grassroots volunteers, a growing network of support began to take root, laying the foundation for what would become Singapore’s evolving dementia care landscape.

There are currently about 100,000 people living with dementia and this number is expected to increase to about 152,000 in 2030 as reported by the Ministry of Health. Currently, there are many support programmes and services available for those living with this condition. However, many of these support programmes and services available for those living with dementia are unsuitable for persons with Young Onset Dementia (65 years old and below). This is a concern as there has been a growth in Young Onset Dementia (YOD) diagnosis in Singapore. Recognizing this gap and the need for greater awareness and understanding, Singapore focused on ensuring that resources and information on dementia became accessible. These efforts are crucial in addressing the challenges ahead and raising awareness.

To fully appreciate how far we’ve come, it’s important to reflect on the key turning points and tireless champions who have shaped this journey. This is the story of how Singapore has come together to build a society that uplifts, empowers, and supports those living with dementia.

Laying the Foundations

Alzheimer's Disease Association Established

In 1988, a series of missing persons reports in The Straits Times caught the attention of Dr Ang Peng Chye, a practicing psychiatrist at that time. At first glance, the cases appeared to be isolated incidents of elder neglect or abandonment, but Dr Ang saw a deeper pattern and a growing challenge. Driven by concern, he assembled a small task force under the Singapore Council of Social Services (SCSS), now known as the National Council of Social Service (NCSS). What they uncovered was striking across nursing homes and general practitioners. There was a profound lack of understanding about dementia; what it was, how it was diagnosed, and, most importantly, how care was given.

With these early insights, the team moved quickly. In 1989, they established the New Horizon Centre in Toa Payoh, the first dementia day care centre in Singapore, which paved the way for centre-based care for persons living with dementia to provide respite to caregivers. A year later, they founded the Alzheimer’s Disease Association, known today as Dementia Singapore Their mission was simple, yet impactful: to uplift, support, and empower families and individuals affected by dementia.

Image Caption: Dr Ang Pye Chye at ADA Staff and Volunteer Day

First Memory Clinic in Asia Established

Around the same time, another milestone emerged. Professor Kua Ee Heok, a leading psychiatrist from the National University of Singapore, was invited by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to join the Global study of dementia. This opportunity led to a landmark achievement. In November 1993, Singapore became home to Asia’s very first memory clinic, marking a pivotal step forward in both research and care.

By 1997, the clinic introduced the Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ), Singapore’s first dementia screening tool tailored for use by general practitioners. Thoughtfully localised, the ECAQ included familiar imagery like traditional local snacks to make the process more intuitive for seniors. It was a simple idea to bring dementia detection closer to everyday life.

The 1990s continued to pave the way for specialised care. In 1992, St. Andrew’s Community Hospital opened as the first hospital to offer subsidised, intermediate care for the elderly, including those living with dementia. Then, in 1999, Apex Harmony Lodge was established as the only purpose-built dementia residential care facility in Singapore. It is a place designed not just for treatment, but for dignity by creating a resort-like experience for persons living with dementia at all stages.

Together, these early efforts laid the groundwork for what would become a nationwide movement, one rooted in knowledge and compassion. This made room for the next wave in building dementia awareness and capability in Singapore.

Growth of Dementia Capability and Safeguards in Singapore

As Singapore entered the new millennium, the foundation laid for dementia awareness in the previous decade began to grow into a more structured and coordinated approach. The focus shifted from awareness to training professionals, family caregivers, and domestic helpers to meet the complex needs of those living with dementia.

Training courses for Dementia Care

In 2005, Singapore began offering training courses for healthcare and social service professionals at ADA, leading up to the official launch of its first dedicated dementia training center, the ADA Resource and Training Centre (ARTC), in 2013, with funding from the Singapore Ireland Fund. Today, the center is known as Dementia Singapore Academy. The current training provides essential skills to care professionals, family caregivers, Migrant Domestic Workers (MDW), and community members, enabling them to support individuals living with dementia in a meaningful and informed way.

This marked the beginning of a broader shift from professionalised care to community empowerment. It is not just about building expertise within clinics and institutions, but extending knowledge into homes, neighbourhoods, and families.

To reinforce this, the Caregiver Training Grant (CTG) was introduced by Ministry of Health to enable families to access affordable, personalised training to care for their loved ones with conditions including dementia. For many, this support was not just financial, it was an emotional reassurance that they were not alone.

This began the shift of not just empowering care professionals and social workers in being effective, but also equipping caregivers and members of the public with the skills needed to create a safe and inclusive environment for persons living with dementia.

In 2008, dementia advocacy reached a new height in public discourse. That year, The Straits Times published a six-page special feature to commemorate World Alzheimer’s Month, signalling that dementia was no longer a taboo topic, but a national priority that required support from the whole community.

As awareness grew, so did the need for legal safeguards.

In 2010, Singapore passed the Mental Capacity Act (MCA), a watershed moment in upholding the rights and dignity of individuals with cognitive impairment. For the first time, adults could appoint future decision makers, ensuring their wishes would be respected even if they lost their mental capacity later in life. This was done through the Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA), a legal tool that helps families plan.

For these protections to be truly inclusive, equity had to be built into the system.

Financial assistance schemes like the Seniors’ Mobility and Enabling Fund and the Pioneer Generation Package were subsequently introduced. These ensured access to assistive devices, medical care, and daily support that were not limited by socioeconomic status. More importantly, these initiatives helped make ageing with dignity not just an ideal, but a reality.

To support these initiatives, many parts of society came together in building a dementia-inclusive Singapore.

Expanding Advocacy and Community Engagement

Nationwide Campaigns

By the mid-2010s, dementia advocacy in Singapore had evolved from clinical care and legislation into something deeper: a movement rooted in the community.

It began in the heartlands, where the everyday met the extraordinary. In Yishun, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital launched a powerful ground-up campaign with Alzheimer’s Disease Association now known as Dementia Singapore called “Forget Us Not” funded by Lien Foundation. The title was more than a campaign slogan. It was a call to action extended to the nation to recognise the invisible struggles of those living with dementia and to respond with empathy.

At the same time, the Ministry of Health (MOH) and Agency for Integrated Care (AIC) drove the Dementia-Friendly Singapore (DFSG) Initiative in collaboration with community partners and corporates.

The vision was clear: to build a society where persons living with dementia are understood, accepted, and supported not just in healthcare settings, but in everyday life.

In 2017, this vision was translated into a real-world impact. Singapore’s first 24/7 Dementia Go-To Point (GTP) was launched at Sree Narayan Mission Nursing Home in Yishun. These GTPs are safe return points (community touchpoints) where members of the public can bring individuals who appear lost or confused to a safe place where trained staff can offer help.

Launch of CARA Application

In 2021, CARA was launched as a free dementia membership programme by Dementia Singapore, supported by the National Council of Social Service (NCSS) and the Agency for Integrated Care (AIC). Accessible through a mobile application, it offers a single platform for members to connect to services and resources relevant to dementia care, including key safety features such as Safe Return and Report Missing Person.

CARA does not require a formal dementia diagnosis, enabling access to support and resources early in the caregiving journey, while also providing rewards and benefits from partner organisations.

Among its features, the Dementia Go-to Point Locator helps members of the public identify nearby safe return points in the community, where persons with dementia can be guided to receive timely assistance.

Pioneering Peer Support for Persons Living with Dementia

Advocacy was also coming from within starting from the very people living with dementia themselves.

In the early 2020s, a new chapter began amidst the isolation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with dementia began stepping into the spotlight, using their voices to educate and uplift families and friends.

One of them was George Chong, one of Singapore’s earliest dementia advocates, who was diagnosed with Young Onset Alzheimer’s Disease in 2017. Through initiatives like the Voices for Hope (VFH) programme, persons living with dementia and their caregivers were equipped to share their journeys, reduce stigma, and build peer support networks. 

One of these changemakers was Emily Ong, who was diagnosed with MCI and founded the “La Kopi Peer Support Group” in 2021. She played an active role in numerous national and international conferences, advocating for greater inclusivity for those living with dementia. Initially meeting virtually due to pandemic restrictions, the group became an essential source of connection for individuals with young-onset or mild dementia, as well as their families.

In a time of lockdowns and social distancing, these virtual gatherings became lifeline proof that even when physically apart, a community as such could still grow.

These stories, told in their own words, signaled a powerful shift from care being given to persons with dementia to action being taken by them.

Source: Giffy Dementia-Friendly Singapore (DFSG) Mascot, Agency for Integrated Care.

Source: Voices For Hope Alumni on a Cruise in July 2024, Dementia Singapore.

The first national survey with over 5,600 participants across Singapore was conducted in 2019. The aim was to understand how stigma around dementia affects people in Singapore and promote greater understanding and acceptance for persons living with dementia and caregivers. The survey identified key areas of concern such as rejection, loneliness, and shame. This led to a concentrated effort in enhancing support for persons living with dementia and their caregivers within the community.

Growth of Community and Ageing in Place Initiative

As Singapore moves toward becoming a super-aged society, one guiding principle began to take hold: seniors, including those living with dementia, should be able to age in place; not in isolation or institutions, but in the familiarity of their own homes and in communities that understand and support them.

This idea, while once aspirational, soon became a national priority. Taking shape in the following ways:

Age Well SG

Led by the Ministries of Health, National Development, and Transport, the Age Well SG programme was launched to bring this vision to life. It was a coordinated effort to transform the urban environment into a supportive ecosystem for the ageing—one that enables safety, independence, and dignity.

New active ageing infrastructures began to emerge:

Therapeutic gardens designed to soothe and engage the senses.

Fitness trails tailored to seniors’ abilities.

Wayfinding aids and dementia-friendly signages were installed to help improve navigation.

The shift toward ageing in place also extended beyond the built environment. Community networks, neighbours, volunteers, and support groups played a vital role in helping seniors remain anchored in their neighborhoods. These local care systems provided daily reassurance to both persons with dementia and their caregivers.

Kebun Baru (Wayfinding Murals)

To create an inclusive Dementia-Friendly Community (iDFC) in Kebun Baru (KB), a group of students from NUS Chua Thian Poh Community Leadership Centre partnered with Dementia Singapore (formerly known as Alzheimer’s Disease Association) to conduct a ground-sensing study to:

Understand KB residents’ knowledge of and attitudes toward dementia;
• Uncover what a DFC means to them; and
• Explore what can be done to make KB dementia friendly.

From late 2019 to March 2020, a collaborative project between Dementia Singapore, grassroots leaders, and community partners was conducted in the community of Kebun Baru, Ang Mo Kio. One of the initiatives in this project was the Wayfinding Project, which aimed to make wayfinding, that is, navigation of physical surroundings, easier for persons living with dementia in this community.

Discussions were held with two persons living with young-onset dementia, participants from Dementia Singapore’s Voices for Hope programme for persons living with dementia and their caregivers, and Mr Henry Kwek (Member of Parliament and Advisor for Kebun Baru Constituency). Following this, murals of familiar retro items were painted on strategically located walls at void decks of HDB blocks in two Residents’ Committees. In effect, these murals can function as landmarks that differentiate buildings and corridors from each other, making it easier for person living with dementia to orientate themselves while moving through this vicinity.

National Gallery

The National Gallery of Singapore (NGS) collaborated with Dementia Singapore to host the first-ever art exhibition specifically dedicated to individuals living with dementia. Before NGS launched the Art With You program, the 2013 Arts and Dementia project had already inspired cultural heritage centers, artists, and art facilitators to create participatory arts programs in community spaces. This initiative provided opportunities for people with dementia and their caregivers to engage in meaningful social activities outside of institutional care settings.

Building a Dementia-Friendly Future in Yio Chu Kang

In 2019, a pioneering collaboration between the Agency for Integrated Care (AIC), the Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC), and the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) launched the Dementia Friendly Neighbourhood (DFN) study. This initiative introduced infrastructure prototypes across three precincts in Yio Chu Kang, aimed at creating environments that better support people living with dementia.

On December 2, 2023, Senior Minister Lee Hsien Loong (then Prime Minister) and Mr. Yip Hon Weng, Adviser to YCK Grassroots Organisations (GROs), officially unveiled the DFN study and prototypes. This event marked a significant step forward in Singapore’s effort to build more inclusive communities that cater to the needs of individuals with dementia and their families.

These efforts highlight the community’s dedication to creating an environment where persons with dementia can thrive.

Singapore’s dementia journey was about continuity preserving the rhythm of life while enhancing the support structures that surround them. At its core was a simple but powerful belief: the best place to grow old, for most people, is home.

Innovation as the Future of Dementia Care

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in the early detection of cognitive decline. Two groundbreaking examples highlight this shift toward more proactive dementia care.

AI Tools for Early Detection

One is Pensieve-AI, a locally developed app that identifies early memory problems or pre-dementia in seniors in under five minutes, with an accuracy rate of up to 93%. Using a tablet and stylus, patients complete drawing tasks, which the app analyzes for signs of cognitive issues. This AI tool is set to replace traditional screening methods like drawing a clock or recalling random words. In a nationwide study completed in September 2024, Pensieve-AI demonstrated 93% accuracy, matching the gold standard of cognitive testing. Developed by Singapore General Hospital (SGH) and GovTech, it is scheduled for rollout in 2026.

Another innovation is ReCOGnAIze, an AI-powered screening tool created by Gray Matter Solutions, a spin-off from Nanyang Technological University (NTU), in collaboration with the Osler Health Group. Unlike traditional paper-based tests or lengthy interviews, ReCOGnAIze uses neuroscientific games to detect Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), which can increase the risk of dementia. The process is quick—taking no more than 15 minutes—and offers a non-invasive, engaging way to identify early signs of cognitive decline.

Both technologies reflect a broader shift from reactive care to proactive prevention, aiming to intervene earlier, provide better support, and help individuals maintain their independence for as long as possible.

AI in shaping Art Therapy

At Jurong Community Hospital, a programme called PortrAIts: Small Things that Matter combines AI and art therapy to help persons with dementia express their memories visually. One patient used AI to recreate a vivid scene from his childhood, a moment long buried, now reimagined through digital art.

These creative breakthroughs are not just novel; they are deeply restorative. They give voice to experiences that dementia tries to erase. By merging art and technology, persons living with dementia are empowered, fostering autonomy and enhancing their quality of life in ways unimagined.

Peacehaven Jade Circle Dementia Care Facility

Meanwhile, in residential care, robots are redefining caregiving experience.

At Peacehaven Jade Circle, a next-generation dementia care facility developed by The Salvation Army, the Lien Foundation, and the Khoo Chwee Neo Foundation, residents are offered choices daily from joining group activities to enjoying breakfast on their own terms. The environment is person-centered, but supported by smart technology including Dexie, a dementia-specific humanoid robot designed to engage, stimulate, and comfort.

This blend of warmth and technology does not replace caregivers, it helps them by ensuring care is consistent, respectful, and personalised. However, it must be used appropriately to reap the best possible benefits as persons living with dementia do require an empathetic and human touch in their care.

Yishun Community Hospital’s dementia ward features a bus shelter, offering patients comfort, familiarity, and a sense of home. Inspired by gerontology training, staff use the shelter to ease anxiety, spark memories, and encourage physical activity showcasing a forward-thinking approach to dementia care in Singapore.

Each of these innovations, whether in clinics, hospitals, or homes, points to a future where dementia care is not just efficient, but empathetic; where technology does not overshadow human experience but amplifies its most compassionate parts.

What began decades ago as scattered seeds sowed by doctors, caregivers, and concerned communities has grown into a vibrant and evolving ecosystem of support. Along the way, Singapore has nurtured a dementia care landscape rooted in compassion, strengthened by science, and shaped by community.

While the path ahead remains challenging, the ground has been prepared. New seeds are still being sown through innovative therapies, inclusive design, and voices of lived experience. With continual care, these seeds will grow into a future where persons living with dementia and family caregivers are not only supported but truly seen and valued.

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Vascular Dementia

Peter Cher — Thu, 14 Dec 2023 04:41:02 +0000

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Vascular dementia is one of the most common types of dementia in Singapore. In fact, 45.5% or almost half of those with dementia in Singapore have this condition. ¹ Read on to find out more about what it is, its symptoms and risk factors, and how to reduce the risk of developing this type of dementia.

What is Vascular Dementia?

Vascular dementia is a type of dementia caused by blood-flow-related brain damage. The word ‘vascular’ refers to blood vessels.

How Common is Vascular Dementia?

In many parts of the world including Singapore, vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. According to the National Neuroscience Institute (NNI), 16% of the patients seen at NNI from 2013-2017 who developed dementia when they were above 65 years of age had vascular dementia, while those who had developed dementia below 65 years of age seen at NNI in the same period accounted for 19% of cases. ²

Main Symptoms of Vascular Dementia

The symptoms of vascular dementia are similar to those experienced in other types of dementia. Typical symptoms include:

Slow thought
Difficulty with planning
Trouble understanding
Issues with concentration
Mood and/or behaviour changes
Memory and language issues
Problems with movement and/or balance

The symptoms experienced depend on the specific brain areas that have been damaged. For example, if brain areas that are needed to understand language are damaged, a person with this kind of brain damage may have trouble understanding what they hear others saying, or what they read.

Read more about causes of vascular dementia in the sections below for more information of more specific groups of symptoms that can occur.

How quickly do symptoms develop?

The speed of symptom development depends on the cause, type, and severity of the vascular dementia.

Symptoms of vascular dementia can develop slowly over time, which typically happens when the dementia is caused by chronic, slow-developing blood vessel damage.

On the other hand, symptoms can appear or worsen suddenly after a stroke: after both the first stroke and any subsequent strokes.

Do symptoms differ from symptoms of other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease?

Symptoms of vascular dementia tend to be characterised more by speed of thought and problem-solving ability.
Some symptoms, like memory loss and language issues, tend to be more prominent in dementia caused by Alzheimer’s disease than in vascular dementia, although persons living with vascular dementia may experience them too.

The differences between the symptoms of vascular dementia and those of other kinds of dementia may be more obvious at the milder stages of dementia. As dementia progresses, the kinds of symptoms experienced may broaden in scope, and the differences between the symptoms of vascular dementia and other kinds of dementia may become less apparent.

Mixed dementia: More than one type of dementia

A person can also develop mixed dementia, which happens when a person has more than one type of dementia. Most cases of mixed dementia happen with Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia since they are the two most common types of dementia. Persons with mixed dementia will show signs of both types of dementia, with one type of dementia often being predominant.

Causes

Blood carries nutrients and oxygen that our body’s cells need to work and be alive. When blood cannot reach certain brain tissues because of problems with blood flow, these tissues cannot receive the oxygen and nutrients they need and become damaged. If this lack of blood flow happens for too long, these tissues can die, causing irreversible damage.

Some of the more common vascular issues that can cause vascular dementia include:

Ischemic stroke

The word ‘ischemia’ means ‘lack of blood flow’. An ischemic stroke is a blockage in a blood vessel in the brain. A single ischemic stroke or multiple strokes can prevent blood from reaching brain tissues.

Haemorrhagic stroke

The word ‘haemorrhage’ means bleeding. Haemorrhaging in the brain, or a haemorrhagic stroke, can happen in the brain’s blood vessels, and it is life-threatening when this happens. There are many possible causes of bleeding in the brain, including head trauma, high blood pressure that weakens blood vessels’ walls, and aneurysms (abnormal bulging in the walls of blood vessels).

Chronic blood vessel damage

Chronic blood vessel damage means damage to blood vessels that continues for a long time.

Damage to blood vessels, such as the narrowing of blood vessels, can, when it is severe, obstruct blood from flowing to brain tissues. Over time, this obstruction can develop into vascular dementia.

Types of Vascular Dementia

The symptoms of vascular dementia, and their order of development as dementia progresses, depend on the type of vascular dementia a person develops. The types of dementia are defined by different causes.

Below are the main types of vascular dementia: 

Subcortical vascular dementia

Subcortical vascular dementia happens when tiny blood vessels deep inside the brain become damaged.
Most tissues damaged in this type of dementia happen in an area deep within the brain called the subcortex.

Stroke-related dementia

Stroke-related dementia happens when a stroke or multiple strokes happen in the brain. A stroke prevents blood from reaching brain tissues, leading to tissue death. The place where there is dead tissue due to low blood supply is called an ‘infarct’.

Strategic-infarct dementia

- Strategic-infarct dementia happens when dementia is caused by one large stroke
- In this kind of dementia, there is a sudden and drastic change in thinking and behaviour, although with appropriate support, symptoms can be stabilised.

Multi-infarct dementia
- Multi-infarct dementia happens when dementia is caused by a series of strokes which progressively damages brain tissue.
- Some strokes can be small and have minor symptoms. They can even happen without noticeable symptoms, in which case they are called ‘silent’ strokes.
- Smaller strokes are also called ministrokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
- Ministrokes can last for a few minutes each, and their more obvious symptoms can last for an hour to a day.
- As more strokes happen over time, symptoms of dementia can develop and worsen. The worsening of symptoms may be more noticeable immediately after each small stroke, after which the symptoms may tend to stabilise.

Stroke Syndromes

For both strategic-infarct and multi-infarct dementia, the parts of the brain that the stroke damages affects the syndrome (a group of symptoms) that a person experiences will differ. Knowing what stroke syndromes you or your loved one with vascular dementia may have can help you to better manage the symptoms of vascular dementia and get the appropriate support.

Many strokes will occur with hallmark stroke symptoms:
Facial drooping of one side of the face
Hemiparesis: weakness on one side of the body
Numbness, usually on one side of the body
Dysarthria: difficulty with speaking and/or slurred speech
Dysphasia, or language impairment: an impaired ability to understand spoken and written language
Confusion: trouble speaking and understanding speech
Sight issues in either or both eyes
Movement issues: trouble with walking; dizziness; difficulties with balance and coordination
Severe headache without a known cause

These hallmark symptoms may not always happen in a stroke, or may happen with other syndromes depending on the type of stroke. The type of stroke itself depends on the area of the brain affected, including the side of the brain (right or left).

Some symptoms happen immediately when the stroke first happens, while others may develop after some time. In addition, some symptoms are long-lasting, while some symptoms involving the loss of abilities (for example. speech, sight) can sometimes be partially recovered.

More information about stroke syndromes can be found in the section Additional Information: Stroke Syndromes at the end of the article.

Treatment and Support

As vascular dementia is highly linked to vascular health issues, persons living with vascular dementia may be advised to take steps to improve their overall cardiovascular health, such as by improving their diet and level of physical activity.

Treating and supporting dementia-related health conditions

Treatment and support after the diagnosis of vascular dementia may be done alongside treatment of health conditions that caused the dementia. For example, if a person has had a stroke that has led to the development of vascular dementia, this person may take medications for post-stroke treatment while undergoing rehabilitation therapies, such as physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy, to work on post-stroke issues.

Practical, psychosocial, and emotional support

Experiencing and adapting to vascular dementia are not easy for both the person experiencing the condition and their family and friends. It is, therefore, important to get support. Apart from the support from your community, support services are also available. For example, there are post-diagnostic support programmes that help to guide persons diagnosed with dementia and family caregivers through a period of time after diagnosis.

For more information on the support services available, contact a Community Outreach Team (CREST).

Risks

The risk of developing vascular dementia is closely linked to what affects one’s vascular health. Some risk factors for developing vascular dementia include:

High blood pressure
High blood cholesterol
Diabetes
Obesity
Smoking
Older age

How can I reduce my risk of developing vascular dementia?

In general, keeping one’s vascular system healthy and maintaining a healthy lifestyle helps to reduce the risk of developing vascular dementia.

Ways to keep one’s vascular system healthy:

Have a balanced diet

Moderate salt, sugar, and fat intake
Eat sufficient fruits and vegetables
Consume more wholegrain instead of refined carbohydrates like white rice or white bread
Consume more protein-rich foods with healthy fats such as fish meat and beans over red meats

Stay physically active

It is recommended to have 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week
Do a good mix of aerobic exercise (exercise that speeds up your heart rate and breathing), strength-training exercise (exercise that maintains and builds muscle mass), stretching, and balance exercises

Get enough sleep

In general, getting enough sleep lowers the risk for serious health problems

Manage stress

Managing stress, especially long-term stress can improve heart health and mood, which in turn lowers the risk of developing vascular dementia

Avoid or reduce smoking

Smoking damages blood vessels, which may make developing vascular dementia more likely

Stay socially engaged and connected

Staying connected with others helps to regulate stress levels, which is good for vascular health
Some ways you could keep connected could include: visiting Active Ageing Centres, volunteering in your community with others, organising occasions to eat together, or asking friends and/or family to do leisure activities together

Stay mentally active

Keep yourself engaged in activities that challenge yourself mentally. For example:

Doing things that exercise your creativity (art activities, gardening, etc.)
Learning new skills
Playing games
Having discussions with others

Watch this video by the Health Promotion Board to learn more about reducing the risk of developing vascular dementia.

Find out more about reducing the risk of developing dementia here.

How to get help:
If you or someone you know may have vascular dementia and need support or information, contact a Community Outreach Team (CREST) to find out more about getting support, or call Dementia Singapore’s helpline at 6377 0700.

Additional Information: Stroke Syndromes

A stroke syndrome is a group of symptoms that happens because of a stroke.

Cerebellar Stroke Syndrome

Cerebellar strokes happen when blood vessel blockage or bleeding prevents blood flow to a part of the cerebellum.
Cerebellar strokes are rare, and make up less than 10% of strokes.³
Cerebellar stroke symptoms include:
- Dizziness and vertigo, with a feeling of falling to one side (occurs in 75% of cases of cerebellar stroke)⁴
- Nausea and vomiting (occurs in 50% of cases) ⁴
- Difficulty with walking
- Difficulties with coordination
- Tremors
- Headache
- Slurred speech
- Trouble with speech
- Double vision

Pontine Stroke Syndrome

A pontine stroke happens when blood vessel blockage or bleeding prevents blood flow to a part of the brain stem called the pons.
Pontine strokes are common, accounting for about 7% of strokes.⁵
Pons and brain stem stroke symptoms may differ from the hallmark stroke symptoms, and may include:
- Dizziness, vertigo, and severe balance issues
- Double vision
- Slurred speech
- Swallowing difficulties
- Reduced alertness
- Motor and/or sensory impairment
- Hemiparesis: weakness and clumsiness in the face, arms, and legs on one side of the body

Frontal Lobe Stroke Syndrome

A frontal lobe stroke happens when blood vessel blockage or bleeding prevents blood flow to the frontal lobes of the brain’s cerebral cortex.
Frontal stroke symptoms include:
- Hemiparesis
- Speech issues
- Swallowing difficulties
- Incontinence
- Difficulties with spatial reasoning
- Changes in behaviour and personality
- Difficulties with executive functioning skills, such as reasoning, judgement, decision making, and problem solving

Temporal Lobe Stroke Syndrome

A temporal lobe stroke happens when blood vessel blockage or bleeding prevents blood flow to the temporal lobes of the brain’s cerebral cortex.
Temporal lobe stroke symptoms include:
- Speech issues
  - Wernicke’s aphasia: a condition where a person is unable to understand the meaning of language spoken to them, or to produce meaningful language
- Hearing issues
  - Hearing impairment may range from mild hearing loss to complete loss of hearing, which is rare
  - Difficulties with processing sounds
  - Auditory hallucinations
- Emotional changes such as fits of anger or aggression, or a lack of interest
- Difficulties with memory

Parietal Lobe Stroke Syndrome

A parietal lobe stroke happens when blood vessel blockage or bleeding prevents blood flow to the parietal lobes of the brain’s cerebral cortex.
The symptoms of a parietal lobe stroke depend on whether the left or right parietal lobe is affected, and which side of the individual’s brain is more dominant for certain functions (e.g. language, mental calculations).
In most cases, a right-sided parietal lobe stroke leads to:
- Paresthesia, or abnormal sensations, on the left side of the body
- Weakness on the left side of the body
- Hemispatial neglect: a decreased awareness of the left side of the body and the environment on the left side
- Impaired spatial awareness of the environment on the left side of the body
- Difficulties with copying drawings
- Difficulties with sense of direction, and for visual and spatial memory
- Anosognosia: A lack of awareness of stroke symptoms, or that the stroke has even occurred
In most cases, a left-sided parietal lobe stroke leads to:
- Paresthesia, weakness, hemispatial neglect, and/or impaired spatial awareness on the left side of the body
- Right-left confusion: difficulty with orientating the self to the left or right sides of one’s body or environment
- Agnosia: difficulties with recognising objects
- Acalculia: difficulty with counting
- Aphasia: speech and language issues; parietal lobe damage may also result in the inability to repeat others’ speech
- Agraphia: difficulty with writing

Occipital Lobe Stroke Syndrome

An occipital lobe stroke happens when blood vessel blockage or bleeding prevents blood flow to the occipital lobes of the brain’s cerebral cortex.
Occipital lobe strokes happen less often than strokes in the other cerebral lobes (temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes).
Because the occipital lobes serve important functions in a person’s ability to perceive, process, and remember visual and spatial information, strokes that affect this brain area may strongly affect these abilities
- Occipital lobe stroke symptoms include:
- Vision loss:
  - Heianopia: blindness on one side of the person’s field of vision
    - A stroke that affects one side of the occipital lobe will affect the field of vision opposite to the affected brain area; for example damage to the left occipital lobe causes vision loss in the right half of the field of vision.

- - Quadrantanopia: blindness in one quadrant of the person’s field of vision
  - Central vision loss: loss of sight in the centre (middle) of your field of vision
  - Complete cortical blindness: Cortical blindness means total loss of sight due to damage in the brain’s cortex; this sight loss is not due to changes to the eyes.
    - Anton syndrome: In some rare cases, persons with cortical blindness may be unaware that they are blind despite being shown evidence that that is the case
- Visual agnosia: an ability to recognise objects by sight
- Prosopagnosia, or face blindness: an ability to recognise the faces of people
  - Word blindness: some people may be able to recognise letters and spell words, but not recognise words
- Visual hallucinations: though rare, persons may see images that do not originate from actual visual stimuli in their environment like sparks and lights
- Alexia without agraphia: an inability to read without difficulties with writing ability
- Difficulty with eye movement
  - Nystagmus: Uncontrollable, constant, and rapid eye movements
  - Control of eye movements: the nerves controlling the muscles that manage movements of different eye parts may be affected, which may cause eye misalignment and double vision, difficulties in tracking objects, difficulties with adapting to changes in light intensity, and eyelid drooping.

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Programmes and Services

Peter Cher — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 02:45:47 +0000

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There are numerous programmes and services available in the community, owing to the Integrated Mental Health Network. This network brings together health, social, and community care providers who serve various clients, including persons living with dementia and their care partners.

If you are just starting out on your journey with dementia and don’t quite know where to start, this article is for you. Read on to find out about the various programmes and services available, how they can help you, and requirements you might need to take note of before applying.

CARE & SUPPORT SERVICES

Care & Support services involve the provision of practical (i.e., support with daily activities, linking clients up to relevant care services), emotional and financial support for persons living with dementia and their caregivers. These services may be rendered at home, a day care centre, or a nursing home for clients who require care and support that cannot be provided at home.

Dementia Helpline

CREST

CREST-CSN

COMIT

CREST-PDS

Meals on Wheels

Medical Escort and Transport

Home Personal Care

Eldersit Services

Maintenance Day Care

Dementia Day Care

Weekend Day Care

Social Service Office

Integrated Home & Day Care

Nursing Home Respite Care

Family Service Centres (FSCs)

Dementia Helpline

CREST

CREST-CSN

COMIT

CREST-PDS

Meals on Wheels

Medical Escort and Transport

Home Personal Care

Eldersit Services

Maintenance Day Care

Dementia Day Care

Weekend Day Care

Social Service Office

Integrated Home & Day Care

Nursing Home Respite Care

Family Service Centres (FSCs)

SOCIAL ACTIVITIES/PROGRAMMES

Social activities and programmes create opportunities for interaction with others in the community, which is especially pertinent for persons living with dementia who may become more withdrawn over time as they socialise or communicate less. These activities and programmes are aimed at slowing down the progress of dementia, providing a structured schedule, and improving the mood of persons living with dementia.

Active Ageing Centres/Active Ageing Centres (Care)

Volunteer Centres/Programmes

Community Centres (CC)

Gym Tonic

Voices for Hope

Active Ageing Centres/Active Ageing Centres (Care)

Volunteer Centres/Programmes

Community Centres (CC)

Gym Tonic

Voices for Hope

MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE SERVICES

Medical and healthcare services for persons living with dementia may include medical assessments, rehabilitation care, prescription of medications to aid with behaviour, memory and mood, as well as nutritional assessments. These services may be rendered in various settings, including the care recipient’s home, centres, hospitals or nursing homes.

Memory Clinics

Centre-based Nursing

Day Rehabilitation Centres

Home Therapy

Home Medical

Home Nursing

Nursing Home

Memory Clinics

Centre-based Nursing

Day Rehabilitation Centres

Home Therapy

Home Medical

Home Nursing

Nursing Home

ADDITIONAL RESOURCE

Directory Listing of Dementia Support and Services

This resource details a comprehensive list of the various programmes and services in the community, divided by the 4 main regions in Singapore so you can easily find a service provider near you.

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Alzheimer’s Disease

aleene.chow — Thu, 27 Feb 2025 01:12:54 +0000

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Alzheimer’s Disease is the most well-known and researched type of dementia, caused by changes at the cellular level in the neocortex. We offer a general explanation of the causes, symptoms, prevalence and risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, accounting for an estimated 60-80% of all dementia diagnoses ¹. It is a progressive neurocognitive disease, which means symptoms gradually worsen over a long period of time barring the presence of other health conditions. It progresses slowly because brain changes occur at the cellular level and accumulate with age. The key sign of Alzheimer’s disease is the abnormal build-up of amyloid-beta proteins around the neurons in the brain.

How does amyloid-beta proteins lead to AD?

(Image: Structure of a healthy brain versus a brain observed in Alzheimer’s disease, adapted from Brejyeh and Karaman, 2020)

Normally, these proteins are disposed of as waste, but this process requires the proper involvement of three enzymes (α-, β- and γ-secretase) that cut the proteins. When either of these enzymes show abnormal activity, the beta-amyloid proteins accumulate around the outside of neurons, forming plaques that interfere with communication between neurons. This eventually leads to the cell death of neurons and shrinkage of cortex (brain tissue), in areas needed for language, memory and planning.

Additional Information: The Tau explanation for AD

Another common explanation is the formation of tangles within the neuron cells composed of tau protein. These tangles are known as neurofibrillary tangles, and although both are considered biomarkers that indicate whether a person has Alzheimer’s disease, scattered amyloid protein plaques can be found commonly in brains of older persons who do not have Alzheimer’s disease. Neuritic plaques where the amyloid protein is more densely packed among neurites that have been distorted by neurofibrillary tangles are considered to be a more specific marker for Alzheimer’s disease.

How Common is Alzheimer's Disease?

Figure: Global prevalence of amyloid-beta related AD by age, adapted from Gustavsson et. al)

Excluding those with symptom severity milder than the benchmark for formal diagnosis (pre-clinical AD), it is estimated that around 32 million people have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease globally³.

Age is the most important factor in prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease roughly doubles with every 5 years’ increase in age beyond the age of 65. It is estimated that at least 25% of persons aged 85 and older have Alzheimer’s disease.

Even accounting for gender-related differences in lifespan, women have a higher frequency of Alzheimer’s disease than men.²

Main Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer’s disease causes progressive functional and cognitive impairment. Typically, early in the course of a disease, a person undergoes a phase called a pre-clinical stage where symptoms have yet to show or are too mild a person experiences mild memory loss but may not show functional impairment in daily activities.

In the mild stage, the person may experience difficulty concentrating and remembering things. They might also be disoriented to place and time and experience mood fluctuations or depressed mood.

In moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease, the person experiences increased memory loss and may have difficulty recognizing family and friends. Their impulse control, reading, writing and speech may be affected. Eventually, they may become bedridden when brain areas for motor function are impacted and have difficulties with swallowing and urination.

When symptoms are developed before the age of 65, the person is said to have early-onset AD. Most cases are diagnosed after the age of 65, which is known as late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. In late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, structural changes in the cortex and hippocampus (brain area responsible for memory) can be observed with only mild cognitive impairment. At this stage, symptoms can be managed and even recovered from, which is why early screening for Alzheimer’s disease can greatly affect prognosis.

Mixed dementia: More than one type of dementia

Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

In comparison to late-onset AD, early onset AD is more likely caused by inherited genetic risk factors for the disease. This means that if someone you are biologically related to has early-onset AD, you may have a higher likelihood to develop the condition. When one is screened for genetic risk of Alzheimer’s disease, they are screened for:

Mutations in the genes coding for proteins that eventually form amyloid-beta proteins.
Mutations in the proteins that control the activity of secretase enzymes involved in the disposal of amyloid protein.

Cholesterol levels near the cell membrane of neurons also affect the activity of the secretase enzymes. High cholesterol levels imbalance the lipid metabolism system (the storage and digestion of fats) in neurons, encouraging quicker formation of amyloid plaques. Because of this, a protein inside neurons called apolipoprotein E (ApoE) which is involved in lipid metabolism is also actively studied by researchers in its relation to Alzheimer’s disease risk. There are several forms of this protein, but most of us have a gene for one of its three common forms. Persons who possess the ApoE2 gene are thought to have a lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, while those with the ApoE4 gene have a higher overall risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease whether early or late-onset.

It must be noted that having these particular genes increases one’s risk of Alzheimer’s disease but does not guarantee the development of the disease. Such genetic tests help advise individuals at risk to make lifestyle changes to manage their risk of Alzheimer’s disease. These genetic risk factors influence the development of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but there are over 20 genes that seem to have an additive effect on one’s risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.

Managing Risk

Because Alzheimer’s disease is linked to lipid metabolism, many chronic health conditions like obesity, hypertension and dislipidemias are also linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Hence, one’s lifestyle habits can increase one’s risk of the disease. This includes:

Insufficient exercise
Frequent or over-consumption of alcohol
Smoking
Having a high-fat or high-sugar diet
Insufficient sleep

Apart from lifestyle and genetic factors, head injury and environmental factors like air pollution and heavy metal exposure can also increase one’s risk of Alzheimer’s disease. You can read more about managing risk for Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia here.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis process often starts with a review of the person’s medical history and observed cognitive and behavioural changes. The doctor will likely ask about medications the person is taking and whether other family members have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. The person may be requested to take cognitive, functional and behavioural tests like the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to determine if cognitive and behavioural symptoms are cause for concern; and whether they significantly impair daily function.

This is often followed by brain imaging scans like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). This allows the doctor to assess whether structural changes like shrinkage of the cortex have occurred which support the diagnosis, or whether the person has other conditions that can cause similar symptoms to those with Alzheimer’s disease, such as a stroke or brain tumours.

Additional tests, including cerebrospinal fluid and blood tests, may also be carried out to check for abnormal protein levels, such as amyloid-beta or tau, which are linked to AD.

For more information on the full diagnosis process, read this article.

How can I get support for myself or a loved one?

If you are concerned that someone you know or yourself may be at risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease, you can approach your GP (General Practitioner) or family doctor for a referral or encourage them to seek a diagnosis. Find out more on diagnosis through :

You can also contact a Community Outreach Team (CREST). To get support, call Dementia Singapore’s helpline at 6377 0700.

Video: I Was An SAF Commando. Alzheimer’s Won’t Stop The Fighter In Me

Source: CNA Insider

Ex-Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) officer Peter Estrop was diagnosed with one of the most common types of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, at 61. The former commando experiences cognitive decline which affects his memory. In this video, he and his wife Evon talk about how they have adapted to living with dementia after the diagnosis.

Additional Resources

Understanding Different Types of Dementia (PDF)
Source: National Institute on Aging

This poster summarises the four most common types of dementia by their characteristics and differences.

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: what everyone needs to know by Sabat, Steven R.
Available for loan from the National Library Board

In this guide, Sabat outlines the definition and symptoms of dementia as a disease, how it can change the life (including subjective experience, emotional well-being and social life) of a person with dementia, the biological aspects of dementia, how it is diagnosed, and what care partners can do to maintain a positive relationship with the person living with dementia.

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Location-tracking Technology in Dementia Caregiving

Peter Cher — Mon, 27 Nov 2023 06:42:30 +0000

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When a person living with dementia is still able to run errands such as grocery shopping or manage their personal appointments independently, caregivers should encourage them to continue to do so. These activities, when safely carried out, can help persons living with dementia feel integrated into the community and increase physical and cognitive stimulations that can improve their overall well-being.

Adopting location-tracking technology is one way to empower persons living with dementia to continue to enjoy their routines and outdoor activities, while allowing their caregivers to be involved by keeping watch from a safe distance.

This article explores the use of location-tracking technology* in dementia caregiving, how it works, and some of the consideration factors caregivers should take note of when deciding on a tracking device for their loved ones living with dementia.

*Location-tracking technology allows caregivers to know where a person living with dementia is by showing them the location on a portable device.

Role of Location-tracking Devices in Dementia

As dementia progresses, memory impairment, confusion, and disorientation in a person living with dementia may become a serious concern for caregivers who worry that their loved ones may lose their way while navigating the community or places on their own. Wet weather and unsafe road conditions may also expose a person living with dementia to an increased risk of accidents, falls, and other injuries. The fear and anxiety for their loved one’s safety may lead caregivers to limit outdoor activities of their loved ones living with dementia¹ and, inadvertently, the loss of independence and social interaction.

Whilst safety remains a top priority, it is also important that caregivers strike a balance between the need for safety and their loved ones’ need for autonomy and independence. One of the ways in which caregivers can achieve this is to include a location-tracking solution in their caregiving. This will enhance safety and traceability of their loved ones, and provide peace of mind for caregivers.

How Location-tracking Technology Can Help

1. Enabling Independence and Autonomy

Studies have shown that maintaining a person’s independence, freedom to participate in activities, and the autonomy to make choices for social interactions can contribute positively to improving one’s quality of life. ² Location trackers can enable persons living with dementia to continue their daily outdoor routines, such as strolling, shopping or engaging in social activities with confidence, while providing caregivers with assurance that they can effectively locate their loved ones.

2. Peace of Mind for Caregivers

Location-tracking devices can provide caregivers with information on where their loved ones are at any point in time and help them quickly locate their loved ones in situations where they are lost or require assistance to go home. This can help caregivers to alleviate anxiety and constant worrying.

3. Joint Caregiving

Some location-tracking devices allow multiple caregivers or family members to access tracking information or receive location alerts and updates. This enables a more collaborative approach to care coordination, where family members can be involved in the caregiving process for their loved ones living with dementia.

4. Understanding Daily Routines

When a person living with dementia carries a location-tracking device, the device can store a record of commonly visited places. Such information offers caregivers valuable insights into understanding their loved one’s daily routines, frequently visited locations, as well as behavioural and travel patterns. This provides an in-depth understanding of your loved one’s individual needs, which can be used when tailoring a more effective and person-centred care plan.

Types of Tracking Device Technologies

Location-tracking device or location tracker, as the name suggests, provides real-time or near real-time updates on location information of the person living with dementia who carries it. A location tracker typically consists of a small personal device that is worn or carried by the person living with dementia. This device can send location updates to a designated app or web portal accessible by one or more caregivers via a mobile phone or the web. Depending on the type of technology, location updates may either be in real-time or delayed. These updates also normally include the current location, historical locations, and battery status.

There are different types of technologies used in location trackers that are suitable for persons living with dementia. The more common ones are:

Bluetooth Low Energy (B.L.E.): This leverages Radio Frequency (RF) and Bluetooth technology for wireless communication. It uses Bluetooth signals to interact with nearby devices, such as mobile phones, connected to the Internet to locate a transmitter.³ It covers much shorter distances of between 30-40 meters.⁴ Once outside this range, it may be difficult to gather precise location data. Such a tracker is typically lower in cost, lightweight, and does not require frequent charging.

Global Positioning System (GPS): GPS location tracker uses data from satellites, mobile phones, and Wi-Fi signal networks to determine the location of the GPS receiver. Such a tracker is suited for wider radius and outdoor positioning, but it is less effective in small, indoor spaces. GPS location tracker comes with a built-in GPS receiver that provides tracker’s position in real time; hence, it requires frequent charging. Devices with GPS function typically cost more and may require data SIM cards or monthly data subscription.

Additional Useful Features

Newer locations-tracking devices also come with new functionalities that can further enhance monitoring.

Geofencing

Geofencing feature allows caregivers to create virtual geographical boundaries or safe zones for their loved ones living with dementia. Instant alerts are sent to caregivers’ mobile phones when their loved ones venture outside these virtual boundaries, allowing caregivers to be more vigilant. For example, caregivers can set up alerts when their loved ones leave home at night.

Emergency Call Features

Some location trackers come with built-in telecommunication features, such as an emergency button that notifies caregivers when their loved ones living with dementia require urgent assistance. Such a feature on the location tracker can be useful for a person living with dementia to connect with family members and caregivers when using a mobile phone becomes a challenge.

Fall Detection

Some models of location trackers have in-built motion sensors that trigger an automated alert to caregivers when it detects that the person living with dementia has fallen. This allows caregivers to attend to the person living with dementia immediately.

Caregiver Tips for Selecting Tracking Devices

Selecting the right location-tracking device that is effective and suited to your loved one’s preference is an important decision. There are various factors that caregivers can consider when selecting a device that ensures safety which is also suitable as dementia progresses.

We have listed some helpful tips and considerations to help caregivers to make the right choice.

1. Physical Activity Level

A good starting point is to consider the current physical activity level of your loved one with dementia: What does the daily routine look like? Their specific preferences such as time of day when going about certain activities or their preference for more outdoor or indoor activities. This gives you a sense of the kind of places your loved one frequents, as well as safety precautions to take note of.

For example, if your loved one prefers to go outdoors, selecting devices that offer more precise location tracking with a longer battery life, water resistant, and have more robust features such as fall detection can be considered.

2. Lifestyle Preferences

Caregivers can also consider how location-tracking devices can help their loved ones maintain their routines and interests for as long a period as possible. Understanding lifestyle preferences can also help caregivers determine if the devices should be carried or worn, how discreet these devices are, and whether incorporating alerts and prompts at appropriate times can help support their lifestyles.

Location-tracking devices come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Many of these devices are small, which can be placed on keyrings or wearable items, such as watches, jewelry and even shoes’ in-soles. Caregivers can choose from a range of designs based on preferences of their loved ones.

As dementia progresses, your loved one may gradually forget to use the tracking device. It is advisable for you to talk about these interventions early to give your loved one time to get used to using the device as part of the daily routine.

3. Upkeep & Maintenance

Just like a mobile phone, location-tracking devices need to be charged to be effective for outdoors use. GPS trackers typically require more frequent charging, which is an important factor to consider.

4. Compatibility

Check that the device is compatible with the caregiver’s smartphones and other portable devices. Some location-tracking solutions allow for more than one caregiver to view location information and receive alerts. It is, thus, helpful to select devices that can work across the various mobile operating platforms to maximise effectiveness.

5. Be Ready to Improvise

Caregivers can also consider using different solutions at different stages of dementia to ensure the technology can supplement the abilities of their loved ones.

For example, at the mild stage of dementia where persons living with dementia may still be able to manage their mobile phones, it is possible for the mobile phone to serve as a tracking device with installed maps such as Google Maps or OneMap that generally helps with wayfinding and can be improvised to help with remote monitoring. As dementia progresses, caregivers can then consider GPS-location trackers with other features such as fall detection and geofencing.

Read our article on 10 Ideas for Outdoor Monitoring to find out more about alternative solutions.

6. Contingency Planning

Caregivers and other family members should always discuss implementing an appropriate backup plan in cases where location-tracking devices fail to work or if the person living with dementia removes or misplaces the device. Technology is never 100% failproof and early planning for sources of support available to the caregiver would be a worthwhile exercise for the family to be able to intervene when situations escalate.

Conclusion

Helping persons living with dementia to maintain their sense of freedom, independence and autonomy is an essential part of caregiving. Caregivers may not always be available to accompany their loved ones as they go about their daily activities. Including location-tracking technology into caregiving toolkits can help caregivers balance the need for safety and their loved ones’ need for freedom.

It is advisable to have an open and honest discussion to understand how your loved one feels about introducing technologies. Caregivers should consult healthcare professionals to select a solution that is tailored to their loved one’s unique needs.

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10 Ideas for Outdoor Monitoring

dementiahub — Wed, 15 Nov 2023 09:17:13 +0000

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Looking for a solution to help your loved ones living with dementia to safely enjoy their activities outside the home while offering caregivers the ability to monitor movements from afar?

Below is a list of outdoor tracker solutions and alternatives that may be helpful for caregivers to explore with their loved ones.

*Note: This list is not an endorsement of products. Interested caregivers may wish to contact the respective sellers for more information.

1. Tracker with SOS and Geofencing Capabilities
2. Tracker with Call-and-Fall Detection Capabilities
3. Adapting Bluetooth Trackers
4. Adapting Tracking Through “Find My Device” Apps
5. CARA – Engaging the Community
6. Hyperlocal Dementia Search Networks
7. Tracking Public Transport History
8. Google Maps and Timeline
9. Location Sharing Through Chat Apps
10. Activating Family & Friends

1. Tracker with SOS and Geofencing Capabilities

The Tack GPS offers a small and lightweight personal GPS tracker for real-time tracking (both indoors and outdoors). This device comes with SOS notifications and geofencing capabilities and 30-day battery life. Additional subscription package is required.

For more information: Visit Tack GPS.

2. Tracker with Call-and-Fall Detection Capabilities

The iHelp 2 is a GPS tracker with built-in motion sensors for fall detection. It can auto-trigger SMSes and calls in emergencies. This tracker is equipped with an SOS call button to communicate with family members.

For more information: Visit OMG Solutions.

3. Adapting Bluetooth Trackers

Bluetooth trackers are an option for caregivers to explore. However, these trackers come with limitations to take into consideration when assessing their suitability. This range of trackers are readily available and are less costly than GPS trackers. They are great for indoor tracking to help pinpoint users’ general location. They require little installation, come with extended battery life, and are easy to use.

As these devices rely on Bluetooth signals paired with devices, these trackers typically have a limited radius of about 30 meters. Bluetooth signals may also weaken in indoor spaces due to walls and other obstructions, making it difficult for trackers to accurately provide location data outside of the signal range.

These trackers are best suited for loved ones who are mostly accompanied and tend to stay close to their caregivers.

Bluetooth trackers are readily found on all online marketplaces.

4. Adapting Tracking Through “Find My Device” Apps

Smart phones are natural GPS receivers. If your loved ones living with dementia is carrying a smartphone or wearables such as smart watches, you will be able to track the location of your loved ones through the native “Find My Device” feature.

These apps are free for use. The devices of your loved ones can be added to the device list to provide general location of your loved ones’ whereabouts.

The “Find My Device” app is a good option if you loved ones are actively carrying their charged mobile devices.

5. CARA – Engaging the Community

Developed by Dementia Singapore with the support of AIC and the Dementia-Friendly Singapore movement, the CARA mobile app is a lifestyle and community digital platform created specifically for the dementia community.

CARA is an alternative to provide caregivers with a peace of mind while their loved ones actively engage in the community.

Membership is open to persons living with dementia, caregivers, and the general public. Sign-up is currently free. Verified caregivers will receive an electronic membership card and verified persons living with dementia members are issued a physical card with a unique QR code identifier. This card can be shown to members of the public if your loved ones require assistance, and the member of public will be able to scan the unique identifier and call the registered caregiver(s).

Persons living with dementia and caregivers can also access a range of specially curated benefits to encourage persons living with dementia to continue their participation in community activities. This mobile app is also integrated with Vintage Radio, enabling access to music from the yesteryears.

Although it is not classified specifically as a tracking device, CARA leverages technology and the community to help keep a lookout for persons living with dementia who may be distressed while outside their home.

Caregivers will also be able to notify the CARA community when their loved ones are found to be missing, enabling caregivers to enlist help from members of the CARA community to search for their loved ones.

These notifications have also been integrated with the Municipal Services Office’s OneService App, amplifying the broadcast of notifications to a larger search network.

Read more about CARA:

Visit cara.sg to download the app
CARA: A Pioneering Membership Programme

Dementia care: OneService app broadcasts missing person reports to its 500,000-plus users

Source: ChannelNewsAsia

CARA is currently tied up with MSO’s OneService app to help persons with dementia who are lost to reunite with their families much quicker and more effectively, widening the search process.

6. Hyperlocal Dementia Search Networks

Another initiative by the Community Outreach Team (CREST) team at AWWA is the Woodlands-Sembawang Dementia Search Activation Network (DSAN) that helps to facilitate searches for lost seniors in the neighbourhood via Telegram chat.

Caregivers living within the Woodlands-Sembawang vicinity may register to join this chat channel and broadcast to the group if their loved ones go missing. The group will be notified to actively support.

Read more about DSAN:

Building a Telegram Community to Find Lost Seniors with Dementia
Register to join the Telegram Chat channel here

7. Tracking Public Transport History

For persons living with dementia who prefer to move around on their own via public transport, caregivers may consider a combination of technologies to support their loved ones’ while monitoring their transit movements.

The EZ-Link has developed the Family Account feature on the EZ-Link app where caregivers are able to add their loved one’s SimplyGo EZ-Link card details to their Family Account. Through the Family Account, caregivers can monitor their loved ones’ detailed transit history, including the latest bus stop and MRT station they were at with their EZ-Link cards. This may be helpful for caregivers to narrow down their location based on last known MRT station or bus stop.

Caregivers will have to upgrade their loved ones’ EZ-Link cards to SimplyGo EZ-Link in order for it to be added to the Family Account.

All concessionary privileges will remain, and caregivers will also be able to top up their loved ones’ SimplyGo EZ-Link cards through the app without using the physical card.

For more information:

Visit ezlink.com.sg
The Straits Times: New ez-link family account feature lets users link 7 cards to 1 account and top them up remotely

8. Google Maps and Timeline

For persons living with dementia who are still carrying their mobile phones, another helpful solution is the use of the Timeline feature in Google Maps. Google Maps is free for use and a good wayfinding solution. To use the Timeline feature, you will need to enable “Location Sharing” on Google Maps on your loved ones’ smartphone. This can then be shared with trusted caregivers and family members.

Google Timeline tracks places visited by your loved ones and creates a day-by-day historical record of your loved one’s movements, providing caregivers with insights into their loved ones frequently visited locations and daily routine.

In cases your loved ones go missing, a guided search feature can help guide caregivers to their loved ones last known location.

9. Location Sharing Through Chat Apps

For persons living with dementia who are still fairly proficient with chat apps, these chat apps come with additional features which allow persons living with dementia to share their locations with their caregivers. Chat apps such as WhatsApp, Telegram, and WeChat have this feature. Caregivers can discuss this function with their loved ones.

An alternative to this is to request for your loved ones to take photos of prominent landmarks and their surroundings (when feeling disoriented) to help caregivers locate their precise location.

10. Activating Family & Friends

Life360 is a family safety mobile application that helps families track movements of members within a private family circle. Caregivers will be able to view the location history of their loved ones living with dementia and place an SOS message to the family circle should the need arises.

One-tap direction is also a helpful feature to guide caregivers to their loved ones when needed.

This app is currently free for use, but it comes with a monthly subscription for additional safety features.

For more information: Visit life360.com

Every person living with dementia is unique. They have different needs and preferences. Caregivers may consider using a combination of different technological solutions to ensure the safety of their loved ones.

We encourage caregivers to view technology as a compensatory option to continue supporting your loved ones with dementia to remain active. The usage of these tools can be modified over time as your loved ones’ ability change over time.

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How is Dementia Diagnosed?

Admin — Wed, 16 Aug 2023 01:51:43 +0000

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As a person experiencing dementia-like symptoms, or a close family member or friend of such a person, you may wonder what would happen during a visit to the doctor.

Join us as we take you through the diagnostic process, where with the help of a team of healthcare professionals, you can better understand these dementia-like symptoms.

Overview of the diagnostic process

The process consists of a few to several sessions with healthcare professionals. It often begins with seeing a general practitioner (GP) or family doctor at a polyclinic or GP practice. The GP or doctor will conduct an initial screening and consultation.

The GP or family doctor may then refer the person experiencing dementia-like symptoms to a specialist team, or to specialists such as a neurologist, geriatrician, or psychiatrist for further consultations and assessments over a few to several sessions.

These sessions include a combination of consultations, detailed history taking, blood tests, cognitive tests, and brain scans to find out whether a person has dementia, and if possible, what type of dementia they have.

Read more on the various types of dementia.

Different Types of Dementia

On visits to the doctor, bring a trusted person along

We encourage persons going through the diagnostic process to be accompanied by a reliable, trusted person who knows them well; someone who lives with the person being diagnosed, or family members and friends who are close to the person. This is especially important on the first visit to the doctor.

This accompanying person can act as an informant, providing important information that may help in the diagnostic process.

In addition, this person can help the person being diagnosed to follow up with further diagnosis sessions. They can also be a source of support, journeying alongside the person going through the diagnostic process, as this journey can be challenging.

It is very helpful for persons going through the diagnostic process to bring someone along for their appointments.

The diagnostic process may include these procedures

1. Interviews

Both the person experiencing symptoms and people who know them well, such as family members, will be interviewed by healthcare professionals such as a doctor or nurse.

Healthcare professionals will often ask for more detailed information on:

What symptoms the person has experienced, when they were experienced, and for how long. Symptoms may include memory loss, language issues, losing one’s directions, changes in mood and behaviour, and issues with one’s ability to plan
How these symptoms have affected the person’s daily tasks and routines
The person’s background, including medical history, the presence of any behavioural and psychological symptoms, and medications and supplements the person takes
The person’s educational and occupational backgrounds

Read on to understand the symptoms of dementia.

Dementia Signs & Symptoms

The diagnostic process will involve interviews about the person’s condition.

2. Tests for other existing medical conditions

To rule out or identify the presence of other medical conditions, doctors would often test for conditions other than dementia. These conditions might cause, contribute to, or make dementia-like symptoms more severe.

Some of these conditions include mood disorders such as depression; stroke; Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI); neurodevelopmental conditions; delirium; and psychiatric conditions such as psychosis.

Find more information on other conditions that exhibit dementia-like symptoms.

Is It Dementia or Other Conditions?

3. Cognitive screening and assessments

As cognitive impairment is a key symptom of dementia, cognitive and language tests (for example, testing orientation, and short- and long-term memory) are conducted.

4. Blood tests

Blood tests are conducted to rule out other conditions by testing for markers of other disorders which could be contributing to the person’s symptoms.

5. Brain imaging

Brain scans are sometimes done after blood tests have ruled out other possible medical conditions. During brain scans, only the person’s head is scanned.

These brain scans include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computerized Tomography (CT), or Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans.

Sometimes, more than one brain imaging scan will be done so that the medical team can better understand the person’s symptoms using the different brain scans’ results.

The machines used to conduct these different types of scans are all shaped like a doughnut on its side. The brain scan will happen with the person lying still. The procedure will take around 30 minutes to 90 minutes depending on what kind of brain scan the doctor uses.

In the above image, the patient lies down before the imaging procedure as a healthcare professional prepares him for the procedure. The machines used to conduct MRI, CT, and PET scans are all shaped like a doughnut on its side, like the white, round object in the image above.

The patient or their caregiver should inform the medical team on whether the patient:

Is pregnant
Has claustrophobia, as the machine surrounding the patient’s head may feel like a small, enclosed space
Finds it difficult to tolerate loud sounds, as the scanning machines produce knocking noises periodically when in operation (ear plugs or headphones are offered before the scan procedure)
May not be able to lie still during the procedure

If the patient is anxious and cannot lie still for the scan, they may be given a small dose of sedative, which is something used to calm a person down.

The patient will be taken care of by both a radiologist (a type of doctor who specialises in using medical imaging technologies to diagnose and treat conditions) and a radiographer (a healthcare professional who operates the machines making the scans) during the procedure.

Information about MRI, CT, and PET brain scans

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A painless, non-invasive way of using magnetic waves to create images of the brain.

Preparing for the scan

As a rule of thumb, patients are not allowed to wear or bring any metal objects into the MRI scan room. If removal of the metal item is not possible, the medical team must be informed immediately.

It is important to tell the medical team about whether the patient has:

Medical implants (for example, cochlear implants, cardiac pacemakers, brain aneurysm clips, metallic implants on their spine or limbs)
Tattoos, which may contain small amounts of metals

Patients will be asked to remove:

Accessories and jewellery
False teeth
Hearing aids
Wigs

The patient will be advised to remove or minimise the use of products such as makeup, nail polish, antiperspirants, or sunscreens, which may contain small amounts of metals.

During the scan

The scanning process lasts from 30 to 90 minutes. During this time, patients are to lie still for the MRI images to be taken.

Computerised Tomography (CT) Scan

A painless, non-invasive way to scan and create cross sectional images of the brain.

Preparing for the scan

The patient may be advised against eating or drinking a few hours before the scan to ensure that clear images are taken.

In addition, patients should remove any metallic objects that may interfere with the scan.

During the scan

The CT scan takes about 15 to 30 minutes. During this time, patients are to lie still. They may be asked to hold their breath or breathe in and out at some points in time.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A painless, non-invasive way of creating images of the brain.

PET works by detecting the radiation produced by a substance called a radiotracer. A radiotracer is injected into a vein in the patient’s arm or hand before the scan.

In the dementia diagnosis process, PET scans are used to detect the presence of proteins called amyloid and tau. Amyloid and tau build-up happens when a person is developing Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common cause of dementia.

Preparing for the scan

The patient will be advised to fast for 6 hours before the scan, although they may still drink water.

In addition, patients should remove any metallic objects that may interfere with the scan.

About an hour before the scan, a radiotracer will be injected into a vein in the patient’s arm or hand. Patients will then stay still and relax as the radiotracer travels to different parts of the body.

During the scan

After the patient has been given the radiotracer and an hour has passed, the PET scan will begin.

PET scans last for about 30 to 60 minutes, during which patients should lie still.

Where to get more information and support

Starting the diagnosis process may be daunting, but getting a diagnosis brings clarity to both the life of the person experiencing symptoms and their families. The sooner you get help, the earlier treatment and support for dementia can begin.

If you or someone you know may have dementia and needs support or information, contact a Community Outreach Team (CREST) to find out more about how to get support, or call Dementia Singapore’s helpline at 6377 0700.

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Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

Peter Cher — Wed, 28 Jun 2023 09:12:02 +0000

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Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an uncommon type of dementia caused by changes in the brain’s frontal lobe (behind the forehead) and temporal lobe (next to the ear).

Journey with us as we learn what this rare condition is.

The onset of FTD is more common in persons aged 45-65 compared to persons younger or older than this age range. The mean age of diagnosis of FTD amongst those surveyed in a 2013 study of FTD in Southeast Asia was 58.9 years. ¹
This means that FTD is more commonly seen in persons living with young-onset dementia than persons living with dementia over 65 years old.

Amongst persons living with dementia seen at Singapore’s National Neuroscience Institute (NNI) from 2013 to 2017, 17% of persons with YOD had FTD, compared to a much smaller 7% of persons who experienced the onset of FTD at or after age 65.²

Data from National Neuroscience Institute (NNI) describing persons living with dementia seen at NNI from 2013 to 2017.

How common is FTD?

FTD is a relatively uncommon form of dementia.

Estimates on how many per cent of dementia diagnoses are FTD diagnoses vary, and range from 2.6 to 5% ^{3, 4} of all cases of dementia.

In the United States, the number of people in the general population who develop FTD every year is estimated to be about 15 to 22 persons for every 100,000 people.^{3, 5}

Risks

The only known risk factor for FTD is a family history of the condition. It is estimated that FTD is hereditary in every one out of three cases.⁶

Main symptoms of FTD

Brain changes cause symptoms that may include:

Behavioural and personality changes, such as difficulties with empathising with others, behaving appropriately in social situations, and compulsive and repetitive behaviours
Language and speech issues
Issues with executive functioning skills, e.g. planning, judgment, reasoning, and selective attention
Issues with recognising objects and people
Problems with movement (towards the later stages of FTD)
Problems with memory (especially as FTD progresses)

In a 2013 study of persons with FTD in Southeast Asia, the most common symptoms of all persons with FTD surveyed, who were all already no longer working or have retired, were executive function impairment, and issues with information-processing abilities (i.e. working memory issues). Common symptoms for study participants with behavioural variant FTD were loss of insight and loss of social awareness; a high proportion of the participants with language variant FTD experienced difficulty in finding words.¹

Types of FTD

The symptoms of FTD, and their order of development as dementia progresses, depend on the type of FTD a person develops.

There are three main types of FTD:

Behavioural Variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD)
Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)
Frontotemporal dementia associated with movement disorders

Behavioural Variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD)

The behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia, or bvFTD, is the most common kind of FTD. It was previously known as Pick’s disease after a Czechoslovakian doctor who described the condition in 1892.

One of the more common symptoms of bvFTD is the development of behavioural changes which tend to show in the earlier stages of the condition. This contrasts with other forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s, where behavioural changes often happen towards the later stages of dementia.

Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)

Primary progressive aphasia is the second most common form of FTD, and it is characterised by progressive language impairment. The word aphasia means difficulties with speech and language.

Frontotemporal Dementia Associated with Movement Disorders

FTD may sometimes happen together with movement disorders caused by neurodegeneration, although people with movement disorders do not always develop FTD.

Some movement disorders that are often associated with FTD include:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig’s Disease
Corticobasal syndrome (CBS)
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Symptoms and stages

In the earlier stages of FTD, there may be differences in symptoms between FTD and other kinds of dementia. For example, persons with Alzheimer’s tend to experience memory loss more prominently than those with FTD in the earlier stages; persons with FTD may tend to show behavioural changes or experience language issues more than persons with Alzheimer’s.

In these earlier stages, the differences between FTD subtypes are also more obvious. For example, persons with bvFTD may show behavioural changes while persons with PPA may not, and persons with PPA may have language difficulties while persons with bvFTD may not.

However, as the condition progresses, and as brain changes occur in more parts in the brain, the symptoms experienced by persons with different FTD subtypes widen in scope and overlap with each other.

Symptoms also become similar to those of other kinds of dementia, like Alzheimer’s. For example, memory loss and behavioural changes become more common towards the later stages of most kinds of dementia.

You may find more information about the common symptoms of dementia here.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis process for FTD may be lengthy due to a few reasons:

Other conditions: Symptoms of FTD can overlap with those of other mental health or neurological conditions, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychosis, or even a stroke.
Type of dementia: FTD symptoms can also be difficult to tell apart from those of other kinds of dementia such as Alzheimer’s.
Age: FTD may develop at a younger age than most cases of dementia; physicians and professionals may check for other possible conditions that may have similar symptoms before testing for FTD.

Support for families and caregivers

FTD can be especially difficult for families and caregivers because of the symptoms specific to FTD, such as prominent behavioural changes in behavioural-variant FTD, or communication-related issues in primary progressive aphasia.

Families living with a person with FTD, and the persons with FTD themselves, may also encounter challenges particular to young-onset dementia, such as work or income changes, should the persons living with dementia have dependents and would be unable to perform the same work responsibilities as their condition progresses, or if caregivers take time off work to care for their loved ones. In addition, dependents and loved ones will need to navigate their changing relationship with the person with FTD.

Getting guidance and support is important for persons with FTD and their loved ones.

If you are family member of a person living with dementia, or if you are someone taking care of them: caring for yourself, reaching out for support, and connecting with peers can go a long way for your wellbeing. For more information on support groups or services, click here.

Caring for persons in our community who may have FTD

Persons with FTD who live amongst us, especially those who are younger, are often not understood by people around them because public awareness and understanding of FTD tends to be relatively low.

These persons can be at a higher risk for social isolation due to the lack of understanding of their symptoms, which can include behaviours that may come across as difficult, or communication impairments like aphasia.

At the same time, these persons need to be supported, understood, included, and treated as individuals with their own stories.

Having said that, family members and caregivers of persons with FTD also need support and understanding, especially with the unique journey that comes with living with a person with FTD.

If you know someone with FTD, or a caregiver or family member of a person with FTD, be sure to continue extending support, friendship, and a listening ear to them in the ways you can.

How to get help

If you or someone you know may have FTD and needs support or information, contact a Community Outreach Team (CREST) to find out more about how to get support, or call Dementia Singapore’s helpline at 6377 0700.

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Service Provider	In Partnership With
Allkin Singapore Ltd	Sengkang General Hospital
Allkin Singapore Ltd	Ang Mo Kio Polyclinic Punggol Polyclinic
Dementia Singapore Ltd	Khoo Teck Puat Hospital National Neuroscience Institute Tan Tock Seng Hospital
Fei Yue Community Services	Ng Teng Fong General Hospital
Fei Yue Community Services	Bukit Batok Polyclinic Bukit Panjang Polyclinic Choa Chu Kang Polyclinic
Filos Community Services Ltd	Institute of Mental Health Woodlands Health
Filos Community Services Ltd	Geylang Polyclinic Tampines Polyclinic
Montfort Care	Changi General Hospital
Montfort Care	Eunos Polyclinic
NTUC Health Co-operative Ltd	Alexandra Hospital National University Hospital
NTUC Health Co-operative Ltd	Clementi Polyclinic Jurong Polyclinic Pioneer Polyclinic Queenstown Polyclinic
Thye Hua Kwan Moral Charities Limited	Singapore General Hospital
Thye Hua Kwan Moral Charities Limited	Outram Polyclinic

Public/ Corporates/ Partners Archives - DementiaHub.SG

Hearing Loss: A Hidden Risk Factor for Dementia

In this Article

Introduction

What is the Connection of Hearing Loss and Dementia

Types of Hearing Loss

Early Signs of Hearing Loss

Tips for Prevention and Intervention

Prevention

Tip

Intervention

Conclusion

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Shaping Dementia Landscape in Singapore

In this Article

Introduction

Laying the Foundations

Image Caption: Dr Ang Pye Chye at ADA Staff and Volunteer Day

Growth of Dementia Capability and Safeguards in Singapore

Expanding Advocacy and Community Engagement

Nationwide Campaigns

Growth of Community and Ageing in Place Initiative

Innovation as the Future of Dementia Care

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Vascular Dementia

In this Article

What is Vascular Dementia?

How Common is Vascular Dementia?

Main Symptoms of Vascular Dementia

Causes

Types of Vascular Dementia

Stroke Syndromes

Treatment and Support

Risks

How can I reduce my risk of developing vascular dementia?

Additional Information: Stroke Syndromes

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Programmes and Services

CARE & SUPPORT SERVICES

SOCIAL ACTIVITIES/PROGRAMMES

MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE SERVICES

ADDITIONAL RESOURCE

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Alzheimer’s Disease

In this Article

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

How Common is Alzheimer's Disease?

Main Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease

Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

Managing Risk

Diagnosis

How can I get support for myself or a loved one?

Additional Resources

Understanding Different Types of Dementia (PDF) Source: National Institute on Aging

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: what everyone needs to know by Sabat, Steven R. Available for loan from the National Library Board

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Understanding Different Types of Dementia (PDF)
Source: National Institute on Aging

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: what everyone needs to know by Sabat, Steven R.
Available for loan from the National Library Board

1. Tracker with SOS and Geofencing Capabilities

2. Tracker with Call-and-Fall Detection Capabilities

3. Adapting Bluetooth Trackers

4. Adapting Tracking Through “Find My Device” Apps

5. CARA – Engaging the Community

6. Hyperlocal Dementia Search Networks

7. Tracking Public Transport History

8. Google Maps and Timeline

9. Location Sharing Through Chat Apps

10. Activating Family & Friends