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Hearing Loss: A Hidden Risk Factor for Dementia

shekinah — Thu, 20 Nov 2025 00:34:34 +0000

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Hearing Loss is a modifiable risk factor of dementia. This article explores the connection between the two and provides a deeper understanding of hearing loss, its signs and symptoms and what can be done to prevent and treat potential hearing loss.

Introduction

By 2050, nearly 2.5 billion people are projected to have some form of hearing loss.¹ According to the Lancet study (2020), hearing loss has been identified as a risk factor for dementia.² The Lancet study (2024), found that hearing loss is estimated to account for 7% of dementia-related cases globally.³ Although it is highly prevalent among seniors, hearing loss is not commonly or well diagnosed, making it an important issue in dementia prevention and care.

What is the Connection of Hearing Loss and Dementia

Hearing loss as a potential risk factor for dementia has gained more prominence in recent years. The 2017 Lancet report found that hearing loss had the highest Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) — a measure that estimates how many cases of a disease could be prevented if a specific risk factor were eliminated. In this case, hearing loss accounted for 23% of potentially preventable dementia cases, more than any other individual risk factor such as depression (10.1%), smoking (13.9%), social isolation (5.9%), high blood pressure (5.1%), or diabetes (3.2%). ⁴

Untreated hearing loss could lead to increased social isolation and changes in one’s brain structure. This is because two main regions of the brain are affected by hearing loss: the temporal lobe and the frontal cortex:

The temporal lobe: Involved with sound processing, and other functions.

The frontal cortex: Involved with attention and executive function, such as decision making and planning.

Hearing loss slows down these functions leading to a rapid deterioration of the brain’s cognitive function in these areas.

Increased Social Isolation

Older adults with hearing loss have trouble in communication, leading to withdrawal from social situations. ⁵ Other studies have also found that poorer social networks, reduced social support and loneliness can increase the risk of dementia in individuals who were initially disease-free, even after modifying other risk factors. ⁶

The link between hearing loss and social isolation reduces opportunities for cognitive stimulation. When individuals are less engaged in conversations they process less stimulating information, which can affect their brain function.

Over time, this reduced cognitive engagement, coupled with declining communication skills, may contribute to cognitive loss and ultimately lead to dementia.

Changes in Brain Structure

Hearing loss has also been related to lead to decreased stimulation of cognitive processing. ⁷ This results in a lack of speech and language input, which can negatively impact brain structure and function, ultimately causing brain tissue to shrink.

Additionally, hearing loss can accelerate subtle cognitive decline such as working memory by increasing the cognitive load on the brain. Specifically, it appears to weaken areas commonly associated with Alzheimer’s disease. ⁸

Types of Hearing Loss

Hearing loss is a condition that affects the way we hear sounds, and it can happen for many reasons.

There are three types of hearing loss (a) Conductive hearing loss and (b) Sensorineural hearing loss and (c) Mixed hearing loss.⁹

Conductive Hearing Loss

This type of hearing loss occurs when sound cannot travel efficiently through the outer and middle parts of the ear to reach the inner ear (the cochlea).

Common causes include:

Ear Blockage: Wax buildup, foreign objects, or infections (like otitis externa).

Perforated Eardrum: A hole or tear in the eardrum caused by trauma or chronic infections.

Damaged Middle Ear Bones (Ossicles): The bones in the middle ear may be dislocated, damaged, or fixed in place due to trauma or diseases like otosclerosis.

Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media): Infection and fluid buildup in the middle ear space can interfere with sound transmission.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

This occurs when there is damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the auditory nerve that sends sound signals to the brain. It is usually permanent and more complex to treat.

Common causes include:

Ageing: Gradual hearing loss that occurs naturally as we age.

Noise Exposure: Prolonged exposure to loud sounds can damage the sensory cells in the cochlea.

Inner Ear Infections: Infections caused by viruses and bacteria, like mumps or flu.

Menière’s Disease: A condition that causes ringing in the ears (tinnitus), hearing loss, and dizziness.

Ototoxic Drugs: Certain medications can damage the hearing nerves or cochlea, including:

Antibiotics: Such as gentamicin and vancomycin

Cancer Drugs: Certain chemotherapy drugs

Mixed Hearing Loss

Mixed hearing loss occurs when a person has both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, meaning there is a problem in both the middle ear (e.g., fluid or blockage) and the inner ear or nerve.

It can happen when someone with long-standing sensorineural hearing loss develops an ear infection or vice versa.

Common Causes:

Chronic ear infections plus age-related hearing loss

Head injury which can affect different parts of the ear

Long-term noise exposure

Early Signs of Hearing Loss

Hearing loss can occur suddenly or gradually, and it can affect one or both ears. Symptoms include:

Difficulty understanding speech in noisy environment

Feel like people are mumbling

Need to repeat themselves for you

Difficulty understanding someone if you are not looking at them

Withdrawal from conversations

Associated ear symptoms, such as earache and ear discharge due to ear infections

Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)

Vertigo (spinning sensations)

Do consult a doctor should you experience these symptoms.

Tips for Prevention and Intervention

The best way to reduce the risk of dementia from hearing loss is to have frequent and regular hearing checkups. It is recommended that seniors should attend a health screening every 1-2 years to stay proactive about their health. ¹²

Prevention

Health Hub functional screening platforms

Project Silver Screen is an affordable, nationwide functional screening programme for Singaporeans aged 60 and above. The Health Hub platform provides a comprehensive list of upcoming functional screenings.

Click on this link to sign up for your health screening: functional screening platforms

Practicing safe listening strategies can also reduce the risk of hearing loss.¹³

Here are some tips to prevent hearing loss:

Keep the volume down. Set your device’s volume level to no more than 60% of the maximum volume.
Use well-fitted and noise cancelling headphones/earpieces.
In noisy places, use ear protectors such as earplugs.
Always stay away from sources of loud sound, such as loudspeakers, noisy machinery etc.
Limit time spent engaged in noisy activities. Give your ears a break frequently from loud sounds. This helps the sensory cells inside the ears recover.
Monitor sound levels. Choose devices with built-in safe listening features that allow you to monitor your exposure.

Tip

Maintain a sound below 70dB as sounds above 70 dB can damage hearing over time.¹⁵

Intervention

Additionally, one can ensure that hearing loss is dealt with quickly through treatment.

These are some treatment and alternative options for managing hearing loss:

Hearing Aids: a small electronic device to wear in or behind your ear. It makes some sounds louder so that a person with hearing loss can listen, communicate, and participate fully in daily activities.

Cochlear Implants: a surgically implanted neuro-prosthetic that provides a person with moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss with sound perception.

It is best to consult an audiologist to decide which is the best option for you or your loved one.

Conclusion

Addressing hearing loss can help reduce the risk of dementia. If you are concerned that someone you know or yourself may be at risk of developing hearing loss, please approach your GP (General Practitioner) or family doctor for a referral.

World Health Organization. (2025, 26 February). Deafness and hearing loss. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., Costafreda, S. G., Dias, A., Fox, N., Gitlin, L. N., Howard, R., Kales, H. C., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E. B., Ogunniyi, A., Orgeta, V., … K. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10248), 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Liu, K. Y., Costafreda, S. G., Selbæk, G., Alladi, S., Ames, D., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Brayne, C., Fox, N. C., Ferri, C. P., Gitlin, L. N., Howard, R., Kales, H. C., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E. B., Nakasujja, N., Rockwood, K., … Mukadam, N. (2024). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet Standing Commission. The Lancet, 403(10300), 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00345-6
Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, S. G., Huntley, J., Ames, D., … & Mukadam, N. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. The lancet, 390(10113), 2673-2734.
Bott, A., & Saunders, G. (2021). A scoping review of studies investigating hearing loss, social isolation and/or loneliness in adults. International Journal of Audiology, 60(sup2), 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/14992027.2021.1915506
Chern, A., & Golub, J. S. (2019). Age-related Hearing Loss and Dementia. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders, 33(3), 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000325
Griffiths, T. D., Lad, M., Kumar, S., Holmes, E., McMurray, B., Maguire, E. A., Billig, A. J., & Sedley, W. (2020). How Can Hearing Loss Cause Dementia?. Neuron, 108(3), 401–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.003
Ford, H. A., Hankey. J. G., Yeap. B. B., Golledge, J., Flicker, L. & Almeida, P. O. (2018). Hearing loss and the risk of dementia in later life. Maturitas Vol (112), pg 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.03.004
Cleveland Clinic. (2023, August 24). Hearing loss: Types, symptoms, causes & treatment. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17673-hearing-loss
NHS 24. (2024). What does tinnitus sound like? Ringing, crackling, buzzing examples [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgIrfiyK4x8
FreeMedEducation. (2017). What is Vertigo? [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j04qNXaCm0Y
World Health Organization. (2025, 21 March). Deafness and hearing loss: Safe listening. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/deafness-and-hearing-loss-safe-listening
CPF Board. (2025, March 25). How often should you go for a health screening? CPF. https://www.cpf.gov.sg/member/infohub/educational-resources/how-often-should-you-go-for-a-health-screening
International Noise Awareness Day (n.d). Common Noise Levels- How Loud Is Too Loud?. https://noiseawareness.org/info-center/common-noise-levels/
Hearing Health Foundation. (n.d.). What are safe decibels? Hearing Health Foundation. https://hearinghealthfoundation.org/keeplistening/decibels

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Shaping Dementia Landscape in Singapore

shekinah — Fri, 10 Oct 2025 07:38:09 +0000

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Introduction

In the heart of Southeast Asia lies a city-state known for its progress and innovation – Singapore. But before the early 1990s, a quiet struggle unfolded. There was little to no formal support for persons living with dementia. Back then, dementia was often misunderstood, hidden away in silence. Yet change was on the horizon. From government agencies to grassroots volunteers, a growing network of support began to take root, laying the foundation for what would become Singapore’s evolving dementia care landscape.

There are currently about 100,000 people living with dementia and this number is expected to increase to about 152,000 in 2030 as reported by the Ministry of Health. Currently, there are many support programmes and services available for those living with this condition. However, many of these support programmes and services available for those living with dementia are unsuitable for persons with Young Onset Dementia (65 years old and below). This is a concern as there has been a growth in Young Onset Dementia (YOD) diagnosis in Singapore. Recognizing this gap and the need for greater awareness and understanding, Singapore focused on ensuring that resources and information on dementia became accessible. These efforts are crucial in addressing the challenges ahead and raising awareness.

To fully appreciate how far we’ve come, it’s important to reflect on the key turning points and tireless champions who have shaped this journey. This is the story of how Singapore has come together to build a society that uplifts, empowers, and supports those living with dementia.

Laying the Foundations

Alzheimer's Disease Association Established

In 1988, a series of missing persons reports in The Straits Times caught the attention of Dr Ang Peng Chye, a practicing psychiatrist at that time. At first glance, the cases appeared to be isolated incidents of elder neglect or abandonment, but Dr Ang saw a deeper pattern and a growing challenge. Driven by concern, he assembled a small task force under the Singapore Council of Social Services (SCSS), now known as the National Council of Social Service (NCSS). What they uncovered was striking across nursing homes and general practitioners. There was a profound lack of understanding about dementia; what it was, how it was diagnosed, and, most importantly, how care was given.

With these early insights, the team moved quickly. In 1989, they established the New Horizon Centre in Toa Payoh, the first dementia day care centre in Singapore, which paved the way for centre-based care for persons living with dementia to provide respite to caregivers. A year later, they founded the Alzheimer’s Disease Association, known today as Dementia Singapore Their mission was simple, yet impactful: to uplift, support, and empower families and individuals affected by dementia.

Image Caption: Dr Ang Pye Chye at ADA Staff and Volunteer Day

First Memory Clinic in Asia Established

Around the same time, another milestone emerged. Professor Kua Ee Heok, a leading psychiatrist from the National University of Singapore, was invited by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to join the Global study of dementia. This opportunity led to a landmark achievement. In November 1993, Singapore became home to Asia’s very first memory clinic, marking a pivotal step forward in both research and care.

By 1997, the clinic introduced the Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ), Singapore’s first dementia screening tool tailored for use by general practitioners. Thoughtfully localised, the ECAQ included familiar imagery like traditional local snacks to make the process more intuitive for seniors. It was a simple idea to bring dementia detection closer to everyday life.

The 1990s continued to pave the way for specialised care. In 1992, St. Andrew’s Community Hospital opened as the first hospital to offer subsidised, intermediate care for the elderly, including those living with dementia. Then, in 1999, Apex Harmony Lodge was established as the only purpose-built dementia residential care facility in Singapore. It is a place designed not just for treatment, but for dignity by creating a resort-like experience for persons living with dementia at all stages.

Together, these early efforts laid the groundwork for what would become a nationwide movement, one rooted in knowledge and compassion. This made room for the next wave in building dementia awareness and capability in Singapore.

Growth of Dementia Capability and Safeguards in Singapore

As Singapore entered the new millennium, the foundation laid for dementia awareness in the previous decade began to grow into a more structured and coordinated approach. The focus shifted from awareness to training professionals, family caregivers, and domestic helpers to meet the complex needs of those living with dementia.

Training courses for Dementia Care

In 2005, Singapore began offering training courses for healthcare and social service professionals at ADA, leading up to the official launch of its first dedicated dementia training center, the ADA Resource and Training Centre (ARTC), in 2013, with funding from the Singapore Ireland Fund. Today, the center is known as Dementia Singapore Academy. The current training provides essential skills to care professionals, family caregivers, Migrant Domestic Workers (MDW), and community members, enabling them to support individuals living with dementia in a meaningful and informed way.

This marked the beginning of a broader shift from professionalised care to community empowerment. It is not just about building expertise within clinics and institutions, but extending knowledge into homes, neighbourhoods, and families.

To reinforce this, the Caregiver Training Grant (CTG) was introduced by Ministry of Health to enable families to access affordable, personalised training to care for their loved ones with conditions including dementia. For many, this support was not just financial, it was an emotional reassurance that they were not alone.

This began the shift of not just empowering care professionals and social workers in being effective, but also equipping caregivers and members of the public with the skills needed to create a safe and inclusive environment for persons living with dementia.

In 2008, dementia advocacy reached a new height in public discourse. That year, The Straits Times published a six-page special feature to commemorate World Alzheimer’s Month, signalling that dementia was no longer a taboo topic, but a national priority that required support from the whole community.

As awareness grew, so did the need for legal safeguards.

In 2010, Singapore passed the Mental Capacity Act (MCA), a watershed moment in upholding the rights and dignity of individuals with cognitive impairment. For the first time, adults could appoint future decision makers, ensuring their wishes would be respected even if they lost their mental capacity later in life. This was done through the Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA), a legal tool that helps families plan.

For these protections to be truly inclusive, equity had to be built into the system.

Financial assistance schemes like the Seniors’ Mobility and Enabling Fund and the Pioneer Generation Package were subsequently introduced. These ensured access to assistive devices, medical care, and daily support that were not limited by socioeconomic status. More importantly, these initiatives helped make ageing with dignity not just an ideal, but a reality.

To support these initiatives, many parts of society came together in building a dementia-inclusive Singapore.

Expanding Advocacy and Community Engagement

Nationwide Campaigns

By the mid-2010s, dementia advocacy in Singapore had evolved from clinical care and legislation into something deeper: a movement rooted in the community.

It began in the heartlands, where the everyday met the extraordinary. In Yishun, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital launched a powerful ground-up campaign with Alzheimer’s Disease Association now known as Dementia Singapore called “Forget Us Not” funded by Lien Foundation. The title was more than a campaign slogan. It was a call to action extended to the nation to recognise the invisible struggles of those living with dementia and to respond with empathy.

At the same time, the Ministry of Health (MOH) and Agency for Integrated Care (AIC) drove the Dementia-Friendly Singapore (DFSG) Initiative in collaboration with community partners and corporates.

The vision was clear: to build a society where persons living with dementia are understood, accepted, and supported not just in healthcare settings, but in everyday life.

In 2017, this vision was translated into a real-world impact. Singapore’s first 24/7 Dementia Go-To Point (GTP) was launched at Sree Narayan Mission Nursing Home in Yishun. These GTPs are safe return points (community touchpoints) where members of the public can bring individuals who appear lost or confused to a safe place where trained staff can offer help.

Launch of CARA Application

In 2021, CARA was launched as a free dementia membership programme by Dementia Singapore, supported by the National Council of Social Service (NCSS) and the Agency for Integrated Care (AIC). Accessible through a mobile application, it offers a single platform for members to connect to services and resources relevant to dementia care, including key safety features such as Safe Return and Report Missing Person.

CARA does not require a formal dementia diagnosis, enabling access to support and resources early in the caregiving journey, while also providing rewards and benefits from partner organisations.

Among its features, the Dementia Go-to Point Locator helps members of the public identify nearby safe return points in the community, where persons with dementia can be guided to receive timely assistance.

Pioneering Peer Support for Persons Living with Dementia

Advocacy was also coming from within starting from the very people living with dementia themselves.

In the early 2020s, a new chapter began amidst the isolation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with dementia began stepping into the spotlight, using their voices to educate and uplift families and friends.

One of them was George Chong, one of Singapore’s earliest dementia advocates, who was diagnosed with Young Onset Alzheimer’s Disease in 2017. Through initiatives like the Voices for Hope (VFH) programme, persons living with dementia and their caregivers were equipped to share their journeys, reduce stigma, and build peer support networks. 

One of these changemakers was Emily Ong, who was diagnosed with MCI and founded the “La Kopi Peer Support Group” in 2021. She played an active role in numerous national and international conferences, advocating for greater inclusivity for those living with dementia. Initially meeting virtually due to pandemic restrictions, the group became an essential source of connection for individuals with young-onset or mild dementia, as well as their families.

In a time of lockdowns and social distancing, these virtual gatherings became lifeline proof that even when physically apart, a community as such could still grow.

These stories, told in their own words, signaled a powerful shift from care being given to persons with dementia to action being taken by them.

Source: Giffy Dementia-Friendly Singapore (DFSG) Mascot, Agency for Integrated Care.

Source: Voices For Hope Alumni on a Cruise in July 2024, Dementia Singapore.

The first national survey with over 5,600 participants across Singapore was conducted in 2019. The aim was to understand how stigma around dementia affects people in Singapore and promote greater understanding and acceptance for persons living with dementia and caregivers. The survey identified key areas of concern such as rejection, loneliness, and shame. This led to a concentrated effort in enhancing support for persons living with dementia and their caregivers within the community.

Growth of Community and Ageing in Place Initiative

As Singapore moves toward becoming a super-aged society, one guiding principle began to take hold: seniors, including those living with dementia, should be able to age in place; not in isolation or institutions, but in the familiarity of their own homes and in communities that understand and support them.

This idea, while once aspirational, soon became a national priority. Taking shape in the following ways:

Age Well SG

Led by the Ministries of Health, National Development, and Transport, the Age Well SG programme was launched to bring this vision to life. It was a coordinated effort to transform the urban environment into a supportive ecosystem for the ageing—one that enables safety, independence, and dignity.

New active ageing infrastructures began to emerge:

Therapeutic gardens designed to soothe and engage the senses.

Fitness trails tailored to seniors’ abilities.

Wayfinding aids and dementia-friendly signages were installed to help improve navigation.

The shift toward ageing in place also extended beyond the built environment. Community networks, neighbours, volunteers, and support groups played a vital role in helping seniors remain anchored in their neighborhoods. These local care systems provided daily reassurance to both persons with dementia and their caregivers.

Kebun Baru (Wayfinding Murals)

To create an inclusive Dementia-Friendly Community (iDFC) in Kebun Baru (KB), a group of students from NUS Chua Thian Poh Community Leadership Centre partnered with Dementia Singapore (formerly known as Alzheimer’s Disease Association) to conduct a ground-sensing study to:

Understand KB residents’ knowledge of and attitudes toward dementia;
• Uncover what a DFC means to them; and
• Explore what can be done to make KB dementia friendly.

From late 2019 to March 2020, a collaborative project between Dementia Singapore, grassroots leaders, and community partners was conducted in the community of Kebun Baru, Ang Mo Kio. One of the initiatives in this project was the Wayfinding Project, which aimed to make wayfinding, that is, navigation of physical surroundings, easier for persons living with dementia in this community.

Discussions were held with two persons living with young-onset dementia, participants from Dementia Singapore’s Voices for Hope programme for persons living with dementia and their caregivers, and Mr Henry Kwek (Member of Parliament and Advisor for Kebun Baru Constituency). Following this, murals of familiar retro items were painted on strategically located walls at void decks of HDB blocks in two Residents’ Committees. In effect, these murals can function as landmarks that differentiate buildings and corridors from each other, making it easier for person living with dementia to orientate themselves while moving through this vicinity.

National Gallery

The National Gallery of Singapore (NGS) collaborated with Dementia Singapore to host the first-ever art exhibition specifically dedicated to individuals living with dementia. Before NGS launched the Art With You program, the 2013 Arts and Dementia project had already inspired cultural heritage centers, artists, and art facilitators to create participatory arts programs in community spaces. This initiative provided opportunities for people with dementia and their caregivers to engage in meaningful social activities outside of institutional care settings.

Building a Dementia-Friendly Future in Yio Chu Kang

In 2019, a pioneering collaboration between the Agency for Integrated Care (AIC), the Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC), and the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) launched the Dementia Friendly Neighbourhood (DFN) study. This initiative introduced infrastructure prototypes across three precincts in Yio Chu Kang, aimed at creating environments that better support people living with dementia.

On December 2, 2023, Senior Minister Lee Hsien Loong (then Prime Minister) and Mr. Yip Hon Weng, Adviser to YCK Grassroots Organisations (GROs), officially unveiled the DFN study and prototypes. This event marked a significant step forward in Singapore’s effort to build more inclusive communities that cater to the needs of individuals with dementia and their families.

These efforts highlight the community’s dedication to creating an environment where persons with dementia can thrive.

Singapore’s dementia journey was about continuity preserving the rhythm of life while enhancing the support structures that surround them. At its core was a simple but powerful belief: the best place to grow old, for most people, is home.

Innovation as the Future of Dementia Care

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in the early detection of cognitive decline. Two groundbreaking examples highlight this shift toward more proactive dementia care.

AI Tools for Early Detection

One is Pensieve-AI, a locally developed app that identifies early memory problems or pre-dementia in seniors in under five minutes, with an accuracy rate of up to 93%. Using a tablet and stylus, patients complete drawing tasks, which the app analyzes for signs of cognitive issues. This AI tool is set to replace traditional screening methods like drawing a clock or recalling random words. In a nationwide study completed in September 2024, Pensieve-AI demonstrated 93% accuracy, matching the gold standard of cognitive testing. Developed by Singapore General Hospital (SGH) and GovTech, it is scheduled for rollout in 2026.

Another innovation is ReCOGnAIze, an AI-powered screening tool created by Gray Matter Solutions, a spin-off from Nanyang Technological University (NTU), in collaboration with the Osler Health Group. Unlike traditional paper-based tests or lengthy interviews, ReCOGnAIze uses neuroscientific games to detect Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), which can increase the risk of dementia. The process is quick—taking no more than 15 minutes—and offers a non-invasive, engaging way to identify early signs of cognitive decline.

Both technologies reflect a broader shift from reactive care to proactive prevention, aiming to intervene earlier, provide better support, and help individuals maintain their independence for as long as possible.

AI in shaping Art Therapy

At Jurong Community Hospital, a programme called PortrAIts: Small Things that Matter combines AI and art therapy to help persons with dementia express their memories visually. One patient used AI to recreate a vivid scene from his childhood, a moment long buried, now reimagined through digital art.

These creative breakthroughs are not just novel; they are deeply restorative. They give voice to experiences that dementia tries to erase. By merging art and technology, persons living with dementia are empowered, fostering autonomy and enhancing their quality of life in ways unimagined.

Peacehaven Jade Circle Dementia Care Facility

Meanwhile, in residential care, robots are redefining caregiving experience.

At Peacehaven Jade Circle, a next-generation dementia care facility developed by The Salvation Army, the Lien Foundation, and the Khoo Chwee Neo Foundation, residents are offered choices daily from joining group activities to enjoying breakfast on their own terms. The environment is person-centered, but supported by smart technology including Dexie, a dementia-specific humanoid robot designed to engage, stimulate, and comfort.

This blend of warmth and technology does not replace caregivers, it helps them by ensuring care is consistent, respectful, and personalised. However, it must be used appropriately to reap the best possible benefits as persons living with dementia do require an empathetic and human touch in their care.

Yishun Community Hospital’s dementia ward features a bus shelter, offering patients comfort, familiarity, and a sense of home. Inspired by gerontology training, staff use the shelter to ease anxiety, spark memories, and encourage physical activity showcasing a forward-thinking approach to dementia care in Singapore.

Each of these innovations, whether in clinics, hospitals, or homes, points to a future where dementia care is not just efficient, but empathetic; where technology does not overshadow human experience but amplifies its most compassionate parts.

What began decades ago as scattered seeds sowed by doctors, caregivers, and concerned communities has grown into a vibrant and evolving ecosystem of support. Along the way, Singapore has nurtured a dementia care landscape rooted in compassion, strengthened by science, and shaped by community.

While the path ahead remains challenging, the ground has been prepared. New seeds are still being sown through innovative therapies, inclusive design, and voices of lived experience. With continual care, these seeds will grow into a future where persons living with dementia and family caregivers are not only supported but truly seen and valued.

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Dementia Singapore. (2020, September 25). Up Close And Personal With Dr Ang Peng Chye. dementia.org.sg. https://dementia.org.sg/2020/09/25/up-close-and-personal-with-dr-ang-peng-chye/#:~:text=What%20motivated%20you%20to%20establish,as%20%E2%80%9CAlzheimer’s%20Disease%20Association%E2%80%9D
Dementia Singapore. (2024, September 4). Young onset dementia cases on the rise, even as overall dementia cases in Singapore drop [Press release]. Dementia Singapore. https://dementia.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Media-Release-Young-onset-dementia-cases-on-the-rise-even-as-overall-dementia-cases-in-Singapore-drop.pdf
Forget Us Not. (n.d). Forget Us Not, Building a Dementia Friendly Community. https://forgetusnot.sg/
Hong, J. (2017, September 10). First 24-hour dementia go-to point launched in Yishun. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/first-24-hour-dementia-go-to-point-launched-in-yishun
Kaur, A. (25 March, 2025). What’s a bus shelter doing in a dementia ward in Singapore?. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/life/whats-a-bus-shelter-doing-in-a-dementia-ward-in-singapore
Kua, E. H., Tan, S. L., Lee, K. S., Ko, S. M., & Tan, C. H. (1997). The NUH Memory Clinic. National University Hospital, Singapore. Singapore medical journal, 38(3), 112–115. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9269377/
Kua, E.H. (n.d). Prof Kua Ee Heok, faculty profile [Faculty profile]. Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore. https://medicine.nus.edu.sg/pcm/faculty-staff/expert-team-physicianspsychologist/physicians/prof-kua-ee-heok/
Lee, Y, L. (2023, September 23). Tapping artificial intelligence in art therapy for dementia patients. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/tapping-artificial-intelligence-in-art-therapy-for-dementia-patients
Mahzam, R. (2023, June 9). Speech By Mdm Rahayu Mahzam, Senior Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Health, At the Launch of “Inclusive Customer Experience– Making a Difference for Persons Living With Dementia” Training Programme, on 9 June 2023 [Speech]. ‘’Inclusive Customer Experience–Making a Difference for Persons Living With Dementia” Training Programme. https://www.moh.gov.sg/newsroom/speech-by-mdm-rahayu-mahzam-senior-parliamentary-secretary-ministry-of-health-at-the-launch-of-inclusive-customer-experience-making-a-difference-for-persons-living-with-dementia-training-programme-on-9-june-2023
Mental Capacity Act (Cap. 177A, 2008). Singapore Statutes Online. https://sso.agc.gov.sg
Ministry of Health Singapore. (2025, September 10). Pioneer Generation Package. Moh.gov.sg. https://www.moh.gov.sg/managing-expenses/schemes-and-subsidies/pioneer-generation-package
National Gallery Singapore. (n.d). Art with You. National Gallery Singapore. https://www.nationalgallery.sg/sg/en/about/our-initiatives-and-collaborations/art-wellness/art-with-you.html
Raman, R. (2025, January 14). Singapore is turning to AI to care for its rapidly aging population. Rest of World. https://restofworld.org/2025/singapore-ai-eldercare-tools/
St. Andrew’s Mission Hospital. (2020). Milestones. St. Andrew’s Mission Hospital. https://www.samh.org.sg/milestones/
Tan, J. (2025, July 21). AI-powered app accurately identifies pre-dementia seniors, to be available in 2026. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/ai-powered-app-accurately-identifies-pre-dementia-seniors-to-be-available-in-2026
Young Dementia Network. (n.d.). Emily Ong: Advocate for young people with dementia. Young Dementia Network. https://www.youngdementianetwork.org/about-the-network/our-members/member-and-service-showcase/emily-ong/

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Programmes and Services

Peter Cher — Thu, 09 Apr 2026 02:45:47 +0000

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There are numerous programmes and services available in the community, owing to the Integrated Mental Health Network. This network brings together health, social, and community care providers who serve various clients, including persons living with dementia and their care partners.

If you are just starting out on your journey with dementia and don’t quite know where to start, this article is for you. Read on to find out about the various programmes and services available, how they can help you, and requirements you might need to take note of before applying.

CARE & SUPPORT SERVICES

Care & Support services involve the provision of practical (i.e., support with daily activities, linking clients up to relevant care services), emotional and financial support for persons living with dementia and their caregivers. These services may be rendered at home, a day care centre, or a nursing home for clients who require care and support that cannot be provided at home.

Dementia Helpline

CREST

CREST-CSN

COMIT

CREST-PDS

Meals on Wheels

Medical Escort and Transport

Home Personal Care

Eldersit Services

Maintenance Day Care

Dementia Day Care

Weekend Day Care

Social Service Office

Nursing Home Respite Care

Family Service Centres (FSCs)

Dementia Helpline

CREST

CREST-CSN

COMIT

CREST-PDS

Meals on Wheels

Medical Escort and Transport

Home Personal Care

Eldersit Services

Maintenance Day Care

Dementia Day Care

Weekend Day Care

Social Service Office

Nursing Home Respite Care

Family Service Centres (FSCs)

SOCIAL ACTIVITIES/PROGRAMMES

Social activities and programmes create opportunities for interaction with others in the community, which is especially pertinent for persons living with dementia who may become more withdrawn over time as they socialise or communicate less. These activities and programmes are aimed at slowing down the progress of dementia, providing a structured schedule, and improving the mood of persons living with dementia.

Active Ageing Centres/Active Ageing Centres (Care)

Volunteer Centres/Programmes

Community Centres (CC)

Gym Tonic

Voices for Hope

Active Ageing Centres/Active Ageing Centres (Care)

Volunteer Centres/Programmes

Community Centres (CC)

Gym Tonic

Voices for Hope

MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE SERVICES

Medical and healthcare services for persons living with dementia may include medical assessments, rehabilitation care, prescription of medications to aid with behaviour, memory and mood, as well as nutritional assessments. These services may be rendered in various settings, including the care recipient’s home, centres, hospitals or nursing homes.

Memory Clinics

Centre-based Nursing

Day Rehabilitation Centres

Home Therapy

Home Medical

Home Nursing

Nursing Home

Memory Clinics

Centre-based Nursing

Day Rehabilitation Centres

Home Therapy

Home Medical

Home Nursing

Nursing Home

ADDITIONAL RESOURCE

Directory Listing of Dementia Support and Services

This resource details a comprehensive list of the various programmes and services in the community, divided by the 4 main regions in Singapore so you can easily find a service provider near you.

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Alzheimer’s Disease

aleene.chow — Thu, 27 Feb 2025 01:12:54 +0000

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Alzheimer’s Disease is the most well-known and researched type of dementia, caused by changes at the cellular level in the neocortex. We offer a general explanation of the causes, symptoms, prevalence and risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, accounting for an estimated 60-80% of all dementia diagnoses ¹. It is a progressive neurocognitive disease, which means symptoms gradually worsen over a long period of time barring the presence of other health conditions. It progresses slowly because brain changes occur at the cellular level and accumulate with age. The key sign of Alzheimer’s disease is the abnormal build-up of amyloid-beta proteins around the neurons in the brain.

How does amyloid-beta proteins lead to AD?

(Image: Structure of a healthy brain versus a brain observed in Alzheimer’s disease, adapted from Brejyeh and Karaman, 2020)

Normally, these proteins are disposed of as waste, but this process requires the proper involvement of three enzymes (α-, β- and γ-secretase) that cut the proteins. When either of these enzymes show abnormal activity, the beta-amyloid proteins accumulate around the outside of neurons, forming plaques that interfere with communication between neurons. This eventually leads to the cell death of neurons and shrinkage of cortex (brain tissue), in areas needed for language, memory and planning.

Additional Information: The Tau explanation for AD

Another common explanation is the formation of tangles within the neuron cells composed of tau protein. These tangles are known as neurofibrillary tangles, and although both are considered biomarkers that indicate whether a person has Alzheimer’s disease, scattered amyloid protein plaques can be found commonly in brains of older persons who do not have Alzheimer’s disease. Neuritic plaques where the amyloid protein is more densely packed among neurites that have been distorted by neurofibrillary tangles are considered to be a more specific marker for Alzheimer’s disease.

How Common is Alzheimer's Disease?

Figure: Global prevalence of amyloid-beta related AD by age, adapted from Gustavsson et. al)

Excluding those with symptom severity milder than the benchmark for formal diagnosis (pre-clinical AD), it is estimated that around 32 million people have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease globally³.

Age is the most important factor in prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease roughly doubles with every 5 years’ increase in age beyond the age of 65. It is estimated that at least 25% of persons aged 85 and older have Alzheimer’s disease.

Even accounting for gender-related differences in lifespan, women have a higher frequency of Alzheimer’s disease than men.²

Main Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer’s disease causes progressive functional and cognitive impairment. Typically, early in the course of a disease, a person undergoes a phase called a pre-clinical stage where symptoms have yet to show or are too mild a person experiences mild memory loss but may not show functional impairment in daily activities.

In the mild stage, the person may experience difficulty concentrating and remembering things. They might also be disoriented to place and time and experience mood fluctuations or depressed mood.

In moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease, the person experiences increased memory loss and may have difficulty recognizing family and friends. Their impulse control, reading, writing and speech may be affected. Eventually, they may become bedridden when brain areas for motor function are impacted and have difficulties with swallowing and urination.

When symptoms are developed before the age of 65, the person is said to have early-onset AD. Most cases are diagnosed after the age of 65, which is known as late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. In late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, structural changes in the cortex and hippocampus (brain area responsible for memory) can be observed with only mild cognitive impairment. At this stage, symptoms can be managed and even recovered from, which is why early screening for Alzheimer’s disease can greatly affect prognosis.

Mixed dementia: More than one type of dementia

A person can also develop mixed dementia, which happens when a person has more than one type of dementia. Most cases of mixed dementia happen with Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia since they are the two most common types of dementia. Persons with mixed dementia will show signs of both types of dementia, with one type of dementia often being predominant.

Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

In comparison to late-onset AD, early onset AD is more likely caused by inherited genetic risk factors for the disease. This means that if someone you are biologically related to has early-onset AD, you may have a higher likelihood to develop the condition. When one is screened for genetic risk of Alzheimer’s disease, they are screened for:

Mutations in the genes coding for proteins that eventually form amyloid-beta proteins.
Mutations in the proteins that control the activity of secretase enzymes involved in the disposal of amyloid protein.

Cholesterol levels near the cell membrane of neurons also affect the activity of the secretase enzymes. High cholesterol levels imbalance the lipid metabolism system (the storage and digestion of fats) in neurons, encouraging quicker formation of amyloid plaques. Because of this, a protein inside neurons called apolipoprotein E (ApoE) which is involved in lipid metabolism is also actively studied by researchers in its relation to Alzheimer’s disease risk. There are several forms of this protein, but most of us have a gene for one of its three common forms. Persons who possess the ApoE2 gene are thought to have a lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, while those with the ApoE4 gene have a higher overall risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease whether early or late-onset.

It must be noted that having these particular genes increases one’s risk of Alzheimer’s disease but does not guarantee the development of the disease. Such genetic tests help advise individuals at risk to make lifestyle changes to manage their risk of Alzheimer’s disease. These genetic risk factors influence the development of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but there are over 20 genes that seem to have an additive effect on one’s risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.

Managing Risk

Because Alzheimer’s disease is linked to lipid metabolism, many chronic health conditions like obesity, hypertension and dislipidemias are also linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Hence, one’s lifestyle habits can increase one’s risk of the disease. This includes:

Insufficient exercise
Frequent or over-consumption of alcohol
Smoking
Having a high-fat or high-sugar diet
Insufficient sleep

Apart from lifestyle and genetic factors, head injury and environmental factors like air pollution and heavy metal exposure can also increase one’s risk of Alzheimer’s disease. You can read more about managing risk for Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia here.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis process often starts with a review of the person’s medical history and observed cognitive and behavioural changes. The doctor will likely ask about medications the person is taking and whether other family members have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. The person may be requested to take cognitive, functional and behavioural tests like the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to determine if cognitive and behavioural symptoms are cause for concern; and whether they significantly impair daily function.

This is often followed by brain imaging scans like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). This allows the doctor to assess whether structural changes like shrinkage of the cortex have occurred which support the diagnosis, or whether the person has other conditions that can cause similar symptoms to those with Alzheimer’s disease, such as a stroke or brain tumours.

Additional tests, including cerebrospinal fluid and blood tests, may also be carried out to check for abnormal protein levels, such as amyloid-beta or tau, which are linked to AD.

For more information on the full diagnosis process, read this article.

How can I get support for myself or a loved one?

If you are concerned that someone you know or yourself may be at risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease, you can approach your GP (General Practitioner) or family doctor for a referral or encourage them to seek a diagnosis. Find out more on diagnosis through :

You can also contact a Community Outreach Team (CREST). To get support, call Dementia Singapore’s helpline at 6377 0700.

Video: I Was An SAF Commando. Alzheimer’s Won’t Stop The Fighter In Me

Source: CNA Insider

Ex-Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) officer Peter Estrop was diagnosed with one of the most common types of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, at 61. The former commando experiences cognitive decline which affects his memory. In this video, he and his wife Evon talk about how they have adapted to living with dementia after the diagnosis.

Additional Resources

Understanding Different Types of Dementia (PDF)
Source: National Institute on Aging

This poster summarises the four most common types of dementia by their characteristics and differences.

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: what everyone needs to know by Sabat, Steven R.
Available for loan from the National Library Board

In this guide, Sabat outlines the definition and symptoms of dementia as a disease, how it can change the life (including subjective experience, emotional well-being and social life) of a person with dementia, the biological aspects of dementia, how it is diagnosed, and what care partners can do to maintain a positive relationship with the person living with dementia.

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How is Dementia Diagnosed?

Admin — Wed, 16 Aug 2023 01:51:43 +0000

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As a person experiencing dementia-like symptoms, or a close family member or friend of such a person, you may wonder what would happen during a visit to the doctor.

Join us as we take you through the diagnostic process, where with the help of a team of healthcare professionals, you can better understand these dementia-like symptoms.

Overview of the diagnostic process

The process consists of a few to several sessions with healthcare professionals. It often begins with seeing a general practitioner (GP) or family doctor at a polyclinic or GP practice. The GP or doctor will conduct an initial screening and consultation.

The GP or family doctor may then refer the person experiencing dementia-like symptoms to a specialist team, or to specialists such as a neurologist, geriatrician, or psychiatrist for further consultations and assessments over a few to several sessions.

These sessions include a combination of consultations, detailed history taking, blood tests, cognitive tests, and brain scans to find out whether a person has dementia, and if possible, what type of dementia they have.

Read more on the various types of dementia.

Different Types of Dementia

On visits to the doctor, bring a trusted person along

We encourage persons going through the diagnostic process to be accompanied by a reliable, trusted person who knows them well; someone who lives with the person being diagnosed, or family members and friends who are close to the person. This is especially important on the first visit to the doctor.

This accompanying person can act as an informant, providing important information that may help in the diagnostic process.

In addition, this person can help the person being diagnosed to follow up with further diagnosis sessions. They can also be a source of support, journeying alongside the person going through the diagnostic process, as this journey can be challenging.

It is very helpful for persons going through the diagnostic process to bring someone along for their appointments.

The diagnostic process may include these procedures

1. Interviews

Both the person experiencing symptoms and people who know them well, such as family members, will be interviewed by healthcare professionals such as a doctor or nurse.

Healthcare professionals will often ask for more detailed information on:

What symptoms the person has experienced, when they were experienced, and for how long. Symptoms may include memory loss, language issues, losing one’s directions, changes in mood and behaviour, and issues with one’s ability to plan
How these symptoms have affected the person’s daily tasks and routines
The person’s background, including medical history, the presence of any behavioural and psychological symptoms, and medications and supplements the person takes
The person’s educational and occupational backgrounds

Read on to understand the symptoms of dementia.

Dementia Signs & Symptoms

The diagnostic process will involve interviews about the person’s condition.

2. Tests for other existing medical conditions

To rule out or identify the presence of other medical conditions, doctors would often test for conditions other than dementia. These conditions might cause, contribute to, or make dementia-like symptoms more severe.

Some of these conditions include mood disorders such as depression; stroke; Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI); neurodevelopmental conditions; delirium; and psychiatric conditions such as psychosis.

Find more information on other conditions that exhibit dementia-like symptoms.

Is It Dementia or Other Conditions?

3. Cognitive screening and assessments

As cognitive impairment is a key symptom of dementia, cognitive and language tests (for example, testing orientation, and short- and long-term memory) are conducted.

4. Blood tests

Blood tests are conducted to rule out other conditions by testing for markers of other disorders which could be contributing to the person’s symptoms.

5. Brain imaging

Brain scans are sometimes done after blood tests have ruled out other possible medical conditions. During brain scans, only the person’s head is scanned.

These brain scans include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computerized Tomography (CT), or Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans.

Sometimes, more than one brain imaging scan will be done so that the medical team can better understand the person’s symptoms using the different brain scans’ results.

The machines used to conduct these different types of scans are all shaped like a doughnut on its side. The brain scan will happen with the person lying still. The procedure will take around 30 minutes to 90 minutes depending on what kind of brain scan the doctor uses.

In the above image, the patient lies down before the imaging procedure as a healthcare professional prepares him for the procedure. The machines used to conduct MRI, CT, and PET scans are all shaped like a doughnut on its side, like the white, round object in the image above.

The patient or their caregiver should inform the medical team on whether the patient:

Is pregnant
Has claustrophobia, as the machine surrounding the patient’s head may feel like a small, enclosed space
Finds it difficult to tolerate loud sounds, as the scanning machines produce knocking noises periodically when in operation (ear plugs or headphones are offered before the scan procedure)
May not be able to lie still during the procedure

If the patient is anxious and cannot lie still for the scan, they may be given a small dose of sedative, which is something used to calm a person down.

The patient will be taken care of by both a radiologist (a type of doctor who specialises in using medical imaging technologies to diagnose and treat conditions) and a radiographer (a healthcare professional who operates the machines making the scans) during the procedure.

Information about MRI, CT, and PET brain scans

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A painless, non-invasive way of using magnetic waves to create images of the brain.

Preparing for the scan

As a rule of thumb, patients are not allowed to wear or bring any metal objects into the MRI scan room. If removal of the metal item is not possible, the medical team must be informed immediately.

It is important to tell the medical team about whether the patient has:

Medical implants (for example, cochlear implants, cardiac pacemakers, brain aneurysm clips, metallic implants on their spine or limbs)
Tattoos, which may contain small amounts of metals

Patients will be asked to remove:

Accessories and jewellery
False teeth
Hearing aids
Wigs

The patient will be advised to remove or minimise the use of products such as makeup, nail polish, antiperspirants, or sunscreens, which may contain small amounts of metals.

During the scan

The scanning process lasts from 30 to 90 minutes. During this time, patients are to lie still for the MRI images to be taken.

Computerised Tomography (CT) Scan

A painless, non-invasive way to scan and create cross sectional images of the brain.

Preparing for the scan

The patient may be advised against eating or drinking a few hours before the scan to ensure that clear images are taken.

In addition, patients should remove any metallic objects that may interfere with the scan.

During the scan

The CT scan takes about 15 to 30 minutes. During this time, patients are to lie still. They may be asked to hold their breath or breathe in and out at some points in time.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A painless, non-invasive way of creating images of the brain.

PET works by detecting the radiation produced by a substance called a radiotracer. A radiotracer is injected into a vein in the patient’s arm or hand before the scan.

In the dementia diagnosis process, PET scans are used to detect the presence of proteins called amyloid and tau. Amyloid and tau build-up happens when a person is developing Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common cause of dementia.

Preparing for the scan

The patient will be advised to fast for 6 hours before the scan, although they may still drink water.

In addition, patients should remove any metallic objects that may interfere with the scan.

About an hour before the scan, a radiotracer will be injected into a vein in the patient’s arm or hand. Patients will then stay still and relax as the radiotracer travels to different parts of the body.

During the scan

After the patient has been given the radiotracer and an hour has passed, the PET scan will begin.

PET scans last for about 30 to 60 minutes, during which patients should lie still.

Where to get more information and support

Starting the diagnosis process may be daunting, but getting a diagnosis brings clarity to both the life of the person experiencing symptoms and their families. The sooner you get help, the earlier treatment and support for dementia can begin.

If you or someone you know may have dementia and needs support or information, contact a Community Outreach Team (CREST) to find out more about how to get support, or call Dementia Singapore’s helpline at 6377 0700.

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Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

Peter Cher — Wed, 28 Jun 2023 09:12:02 +0000

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Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an uncommon type of dementia caused by changes in the brain’s frontal lobe (behind the forehead) and temporal lobe (next to the ear).

Journey with us as we learn what this rare condition is.

The onset of FTD is more common in persons aged 45-65 compared to persons younger or older than this age range. The mean age of diagnosis of FTD amongst those surveyed in a 2013 study of FTD in Southeast Asia was 58.9 years. ¹
This means that FTD is more commonly seen in persons living with young-onset dementia than persons living with dementia over 65 years old.

Amongst persons living with dementia seen at Singapore’s National Neuroscience Institute (NNI) from 2013 to 2017, 17% of persons with YOD had FTD, compared to a much smaller 7% of persons who experienced the onset of FTD at or after age 65.²

Data from National Neuroscience Institute (NNI) describing persons living with dementia seen at NNI from 2013 to 2017.

How common is FTD?

FTD is a relatively uncommon form of dementia.

Estimates on how many per cent of dementia diagnoses are FTD diagnoses vary, and range from 2.6 to 5% ^{3, 4} of all cases of dementia.

In the United States, the number of people in the general population who develop FTD every year is estimated to be about 15 to 22 persons for every 100,000 people.^{3, 5}

Risks

The only known risk factor for FTD is a family history of the condition. It is estimated that FTD is hereditary in every one out of three cases.⁶

Main symptoms of FTD

Brain changes cause symptoms that may include:

Behavioural and personality changes, such as difficulties with empathising with others, behaving appropriately in social situations, and compulsive and repetitive behaviours
Language and speech issues
Issues with executive functioning skills, e.g. planning, judgment, reasoning, and selective attention
Issues with recognising objects and people
Problems with movement (towards the later stages of FTD)
Problems with memory (especially as FTD progresses)

In a 2013 study of persons with FTD in Southeast Asia, the most common symptoms of all persons with FTD surveyed, who were all already no longer working or have retired, were executive function impairment, and issues with information-processing abilities (i.e. working memory issues). Common symptoms for study participants with behavioural variant FTD were loss of insight and loss of social awareness; a high proportion of the participants with language variant FTD experienced difficulty in finding words.¹

Types of FTD

The symptoms of FTD, and their order of development as dementia progresses, depend on the type of FTD a person develops.

There are three main types of FTD:

Behavioural Variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD)
Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)
Frontotemporal dementia associated with movement disorders

Behavioural Variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD)

The behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia, or bvFTD, is the most common kind of FTD. It was previously known as Pick’s disease after a Czechoslovakian doctor who described the condition in 1892.

One of the more common symptoms of bvFTD is the development of behavioural changes which tend to show in the earlier stages of the condition. This contrasts with other forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s, where behavioural changes often happen towards the later stages of dementia.

Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)

Primary progressive aphasia is the second most common form of FTD, and it is characterised by progressive language impairment. The word aphasia means difficulties with speech and language.

Frontotemporal Dementia Associated with Movement Disorders

FTD may sometimes happen together with movement disorders caused by neurodegeneration, although people with movement disorders do not always develop FTD.

Some movement disorders that are often associated with FTD include:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig’s Disease
Corticobasal syndrome (CBS)
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Symptoms and stages

In the earlier stages of FTD, there may be differences in symptoms between FTD and other kinds of dementia. For example, persons with Alzheimer’s tend to experience memory loss more prominently than those with FTD in the earlier stages; persons with FTD may tend to show behavioural changes or experience language issues more than persons with Alzheimer’s.

In these earlier stages, the differences between FTD subtypes are also more obvious. For example, persons with bvFTD may show behavioural changes while persons with PPA may not, and persons with PPA may have language difficulties while persons with bvFTD may not.

However, as the condition progresses, and as brain changes occur in more parts in the brain, the symptoms experienced by persons with different FTD subtypes widen in scope and overlap with each other.

Symptoms also become similar to those of other kinds of dementia, like Alzheimer’s. For example, memory loss and behavioural changes become more common towards the later stages of most kinds of dementia.

You may find more information about the common symptoms of dementia here.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis process for FTD may be lengthy due to a few reasons:

Other conditions: Symptoms of FTD can overlap with those of other mental health or neurological conditions, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychosis, or even a stroke.
Type of dementia: FTD symptoms can also be difficult to tell apart from those of other kinds of dementia such as Alzheimer’s.
Age: FTD may develop at a younger age than most cases of dementia; physicians and professionals may check for other possible conditions that may have similar symptoms before testing for FTD.

Support for families and caregivers

FTD can be especially difficult for families and caregivers because of the symptoms specific to FTD, such as prominent behavioural changes in behavioural-variant FTD, or communication-related issues in primary progressive aphasia.

Families living with a person with FTD, and the persons with FTD themselves, may also encounter challenges particular to young-onset dementia, such as work or income changes, should the persons living with dementia have dependents and would be unable to perform the same work responsibilities as their condition progresses, or if caregivers take time off work to care for their loved ones. In addition, dependents and loved ones will need to navigate their changing relationship with the person with FTD.

Getting guidance and support is important for persons with FTD and their loved ones.

If you are family member of a person living with dementia, or if you are someone taking care of them: caring for yourself, reaching out for support, and connecting with peers can go a long way for your wellbeing. For more information on support groups or services, click here.

Caring for persons in our community who may have FTD

Persons with FTD who live amongst us, especially those who are younger, are often not understood by people around them because public awareness and understanding of FTD tends to be relatively low.

These persons can be at a higher risk for social isolation due to the lack of understanding of their symptoms, which can include behaviours that may come across as difficult, or communication impairments like aphasia.

At the same time, these persons need to be supported, understood, included, and treated as individuals with their own stories.

Having said that, family members and caregivers of persons with FTD also need support and understanding, especially with the unique journey that comes with living with a person with FTD.

If you know someone with FTD, or a caregiver or family member of a person with FTD, be sure to continue extending support, friendship, and a listening ear to them in the ways you can.

How to get help

If you or someone you know may have FTD and needs support or information, contact a Community Outreach Team (CREST) to find out more about how to get support, or call Dementia Singapore’s helpline at 6377 0700.

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My Loved One Refuses to Get a Diagnosis – What Can I Do?

Admin — Fri, 26 May 2023 11:42:06 +0000

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If your loved one is displaying possible signs and symptoms of dementia, it is understandable that you would want them to get a diagnosis and seek treatment as early as possible. However, having a conversation with your loved one about the memory lapses and moments of confusion they have been experiencing may be difficult. Often, someone experiencing these symptoms may feel defensive, worried or be in denial.

In a situation like this, what can you do to (1) convince your loved one to see a doctor and (2) care for your loved one who continues to exhibit symptoms of dementia, in the meantime?

This article highlights the steps you can take to reframe the conversation surrounding getting a diagnosis, as well as the services available in the community that you and your loved one can turn to for assistance until they agree to get a formal diagnosis.

Reframe the Conversation

Before having another conversation with your loved one, it is important to understand their concerns and the reasons they do not wish to get a diagnosis. Doing this will make them feel included in the conversation and give you a better idea to allay their concerns and assure them that seeking professional help is the best way forward.

Concern: Fear of doctors and hospitals

Always use positive language and describe the benefits of health screening in an encouraging manner, rather than catastrophising or using fear to threaten them.
You can offer to set up an appointment – but with the added reassurance that you do the screening together. It reduces the stress and anxiety of doing it alone.
Finding a doctor that your loved one is comfortable with will also help.
Alternatively, you may wish to let your loved one know that they need to go for regular check-up and mention that you have already made the appointment.

Concern: Afraid of losing their independence

Your loved one, especially if they live alone, may be less likely to agree to a diagnostic assessment and more likely to perceive stigma associated with a diagnosis.
They may associate having dementia with a loss of activities such as driving and the independence they have been accustomed to.
They may be anxious and only think of worst-case scenarios.
In such situations, it is important to assure your loved one that there are ways to cope with the changes that may come to maintain their independence for as long as possible.
Driving, for instance, can represent independence and freedom for a person. You and your loved one can work together with your doctor to come up with a new driving arrangement that still allows them to drive independently, whilst ensuring their safety and that of others on the road. Find out more here.
Additionally, in some circumstances, it is still possible for your loved one to continue living on their own (in the early stages of their dementia). Find out how here.

Concern : Thinks forgetfulness is a normal part of aging

Previous studies have shown that a general lack of knowledge about dementia and its symptomology are strong barriers to receiving a diagnosis.¹
Specifically, an individual’s belief that symptoms of dementia, such as cognitive decline and lapses in their memory, is a normal ageing process may prevent them from seeking a diagnosis and getting more information on the condition.²
It is important to intervene on your loved one’s perceptions about getting a formal dementia diagnosis and their misconceptions about dementia. It would also be useful to share the benefits of getting an early diagnosis with them.

Concern: Finances

Mention that their MediSave helps to pay for at least a certain portion of selected outpatient treatments such as the management of chronic diseases and health screenings.
Dementia falls under the 23 approved chronic conditions under the Chronic Disease Management Programme (CDMP).
In fact, should your loved one indeed have dementia, it would make more financial sense to get a diagnosis because the eligibility criteria for certain financial schemes and subsidies often include being formally diagnosed, amongst other factors. This is to ensure these aids are provided to those who are in need of them.
Find out more about the government financial schemes available for persons living with dementia as well as their caregivers here.

Read on for a step-by-step guide on how best to navigate this conversation with your loved one here.

How Can I Help My Loved One in the Meantime?

At Home

Should your loved one continue to show signs and symptoms of dementia, you may choose to care for them as if you are caring for a person living with dementia.

This includes designing a daily routine, ensuring that they are meaningfully engaged and educating yourself on the needs and realities of persons living with dementia.

Living with Dementia: Providing Care
Source: Agency for Integrated Care

Living with Dementia: Providing Care is a resource designed for caregivers like yourself to pick up tips on having effective communication with your loved one, how to design a daily routine with engaging activities, and managing dementia as it progresses by stages, etc. This in turn enables you to better cope with your caregiving journey, ensuring your loved one receives the best possible care.

Living with Dementia: Knowing Dementia
Source: Agency for Integrated Care

Living with Dementia: Knowing Dementia is a resource designed for the general public and caregivers like yourself to learn more about dementia, understand signs and symptoms, learn how to lower risks of getting dementia, on how to start early conversations, and how and when to seek diagnosis.

In the Community

Understandably, these responsibilities can be rather overwhelming. Fortunately, there are services in the community that can help you, especially in the beginning of your caregiving journey:

1. Community Outreach Teams (CREST)

CREST focuses on raising public awareness of mental health conditions and dementia, promotes early recognition of at-risk individuals, and provides emotional support to individuals and their caregivers.

How can CREST be of help to you?

1. Links individuals to relevant health and social care services when necessary.

2. Conducts meaningful activities to support the clients’ well-being and stimulate their cognitive functions.

Find service providers near you here.

2. Active Aging Centres (AAC)

An AAC is a drop-in social recreational centre that extends support to seniors (aged 60 and above) living nearby in the community.

How can AACs be of help to you?

If your loved one is at least 60 years of age, they may drop by an AAC near their home and build strong social connections, take part in recreational activities, and contribute to the community as they wish.
Provides and promotes a variety of activities such as karaoke, arts and craft, cooking, and exercise programmes.
Provides social support to seniors through house visits and phone calls.
Provide information on schemes, grants and support.
Raise referrals to appropriate services.

Find an AAC near you here.

3. Family Service Centres (FSC)

Persuading your loved one to get a diagnosis and dealing with these changes can result in a stressful time for you and your loved one. It may also be the case that your relationship with your loved one and the rest of your family has been negatively impacted by these changes.

In situations like this, it may be good to seek out social workers and service professionals, who can help families de-escalate risks, meet their care needs, and achieve resilience through the challenges they may face.

How can FSCs be of help to you?

Information and Referral (based on the assessed needs)
Casework: Providing holistic case management and individual/family counselling. Caregivers of persons living with dementia face unique challenges. Offer a private and safe space for you to share your thoughts and challenges.
Group Work: Bringing families together for purposeful group interactions to address their concerns and bring about positive change.
Community Work: Tap on community resources to help families support and empower one another.

Find an FSC near you here.

4. Helplines

A helpline is a fast and convenient way to obtain information and advice. It can also be a source of emotional support when you are in distress.

Dementia Helpline (Dementia Singapore)
Provides information and service linkages on dementia care.
Tel: 6377 0700
SAGE Counselling Centre
Provides counselling to enhance the well-being of older persons and their caregivers, focusing on the psychological and social aspects of health.
Tel: 6354 1191
Mindfull Community
Provides emotional support for caregivers who are caring for persons living with dementia and living with mental health issues.
Tel: 6460 4400
O’ Joy
Provides English, Mandarin or Malay counselling for caregivers experiencing stress from caring for older persons.
Tel: 6749 0190

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Dementia in Film

Admin — Sat, 08 Oct 2022 10:26:42 +0000

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There has been a steady increase in the number of films on dementia and its profound impact on the person living with it as well as their loved ones. While this is a call for celebration, it is also important that films portray dementia in a way that is accurate and does not contribute to misconceptions and perpetuation of stigma. This is especially a concern because film and media have been found to be a powerful medium in influencing the attitudes and perceptions of the general public.¹

Luckily, there are a number of local and international films that explore the subject of dementia with grace, dignity and respect. If you are looking to see a faithful depiction of your experience with dementia on screen, or the reassurance of a community that knows just how you are feeling, here are five films you may want to watch:

Ah Kong 阿公

Source: Royston Tan & Health Promotion Board, Ah Kong, 2010

Titled Ah Kong, the six-minute film is a moving story on seeing a loved one navigates life with dementia. Directed by acclaimed director Royston Tan and commissioned by the Health Promotion Board, this short film tells a poignant story of a grandson seeking to understand and reach out to his grandfather who is diagnosed with dementia.

Duration: 6 minutes

Watch it here.

The Wait

Source: Jason McColgan, The Wait, 2018

Set in the United Kingdom, The Wait is a short film written and directed by Jason McColgan. At first glance, it shows two strangers striking up a conversation at a bus stop to pass the time. The older gentleman asks polite questions about the woman’s pregnancy. The woman, though visibly stressed, answers his questions. He reassures her, repeatedly, that everything will be all right. Soon, the bus arrives, and the full story reveals itself.

Duration: 4 minutes

Watch it here.

The Father

Source: Florian Zeller, The Father, 2020

“I feel as if I’m losing all my leaves… [the] branches and the wind and the rain. I don’t know what’s happening anymore. Do you know what’s happening?”

The Father centres around Anthony, played by Anthony Hopkins, whose symptoms of dementia, including memory loss, confusion, fear, and difficulties with changing daily living situations, start to come to light. Refusing all forms of assistance from his daughter, played by Olivia Coleman, he tries to make sense of his ever-changing circumstances in which he begins to doubt his loved ones, his own mind, and even the fabric of his reality. Directed by Florian Zeller, the film masterfully presents the disconcerting and frightening reality of a person living with dementia. Seeing the world from Anthony’s point of view is a masterful plot device as viewers are not entirely certain themselves about what is real. The film also reveals, uncompromisingly, the experiences of his main caregiver – his daughter, as she grieves the loss of her father who is still very much alive.

It is important for viewers to understand that this is not the only possible construction of dementia and remember to uphold the personhood of persons living with dementia throughout the course of their condition.

Duration: 1 hr 40 minutes

Watch the trailer here.

Still Alice

Source: Richard Glatzer & Wash Westmoreland, Still Alice, 2014

Based on a novel by Lisa Genova, Still Alice is an equally heart-wrenching and heart-warming film about Alice Howland, played by Julianne Moore, a linguistics professor at Columbia University who is diagnosed with Early-Onset Alzheimer’s. As the symptoms of her dementia become increasingly noticeable, Alice experiences significant loss – namely her job, her proficiency with language, and the semblance of a perfect life. The film also brings to light the importance of empathy, especially from loved ones, and the need to stop expecting persons living with dementia to join us in our world. Rather, we must work towards meeting them in theirs.

To further ensure the most accurate and informed of portrayals, the filmmaking team and Julienne Moore consulted subject matter experts when working on the script. Maria Carrillo, Ph.D., Alzheimer’s Association Chief Science Officer, advised on the script to help ensure scientific accuracy while Sandy Oltz, who was diagnosed with Young Onset Alzheimer’s at 46, worked closely with Moore.

Duration: 1 hr 40 minutes

Watch the trailer here.

1000 Paper Cranes

Source: Daniel Yun & Dementia Singapore, 1000 Paper Cranes, 2022

1000 Paper Cranes is a short film that Dementia Singapore embarked on with veteran executive producer, Daniel Yun. Its key focus is to spotlight dementia and the profound impact it can have on families. Exploring the themes of familial bonds, courage, and hope, the film is a love letter to the dementia community, youths, millennials, and anyone who has a person with dementia in their lives. This short film was released on 21 September 2022, World Alzheimer’s Day.

Duration: 15 minute

Watch the film here.

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Talking to Children about Dementia

Admin — Thu, 06 Oct 2022 10:58:56 +0000

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A family member’s dementia impacts the entire family, including children. Parents may wish to shield young children from the reality of their loved one’s condition, but it is best to broach the topic with them soon after the diagnosis. Children are often able to sense tensions in family dynamics arising from your loved one’s diagnosis of dementia and may be able to adjust better to these changes if they are informed.

It can be difficult and frightening to witness the cognitive decline and changing behaviours of a loved one. Helping children to understand your loved one’s dementia may help them feel less confused or hurt by these behavioral changes. It may help to plan the conversation ahead of time, and plan activities that children can do together with your loved one who has dementia. Ask your loved one with dementia if they would like to be included in the conversation. Here are some general tips to plan the conversation:

Name the condition and explain the symptoms using clear, direct language

You may want to go in-depth into the type of dementia for older children. You may need to repeat your explanations several times, and simplify the terms used depending on your child’s level of comprehension.

Acknowledge your feelings to your children

Share your emotions and ask children what worries they may have regarding the condition.

Anticipate questions and guilt

If your children have experienced episodes of your loved one forgetting them, emotional outbursts or accusations of misplacing/stealing things, they may internalise your loved one’s words and actions; feeling guilt or hurt over them. Explain that the disease makes it hard to remember, but that your loved one still cares for them. Remind them to play along instead of contradicting what your loved one says, even if it is inaccurate.

Be positive, but honest

It is likely that your loved one’s dementia will continue to deteriorate. Let children know that they can continue to talk to you about their feelings as things change.

Tell children it is still possible to live well with dementia

Talk about things that your loved one with dementia can still do, and what activities may need to be modified.

Depending on children’s age and development, you may want to involve them in caregiving

This helps them maintain a connection to your loved one with dementia and become more comfortable with their expressed symptoms.

Here are some books (arranged by recommended reading age), videos and web resources meant for children that help explain dementia and what they can expect.

Children's Books on Dementia

The titles listed below are either available for download or borrowing from the National Library (NLB).

Remembering for the Two of Us

by Serena Lim, illustrated by Elieth Sardinas (Ages 3-7)

This book seeks to help children make sense of the often bewildering mental, emotional and behavioural changes affecting those with dementia. Combined with workbooks and activities, young readers learn through Agnes’s story and discover how they can make a positive difference by helping persons with dementia live with dignity and purpose.

The Tide

by Clare Welsh, illustrated by Ashling Lindsay (Ages 3-7)

“Grandpa’s memories are like the tide,” Mommy explains. “Sometimes, they’re near and full of life. Other times, they’re distant and quiet.” This book naturally incorporates simple strategies the protagonist employs to cope with the changes in Grandpa’s mental state.

Finding Grandma’s Memories

by Jiyeon Pak (Ages 3-7)

Grandma loves teatime, so does her granddaughter – from picking out a special cup, to brewing the tea, to sharing stories at the table. But lately, Grandma seems forgetful. How one little girl helps her grandmother remember their special ritual makes for a heartwarming story that will strike a chord with any family coping with elderly relatives who suffer from memory loss.

Newspaper Hats

by Phil Cummings, illustrated by Owen Swan (Ages 4-7)

A little girl, Georgie, visits her grandfather in the nursing home where he is suffering from memory loss, and manages to reconnect with him when they make newspaper hats for everyone. This illustrated book portrays the difficulties and nuances of memory loss from a child’s perspective, with an uplifting ending leaves readers with hope.

The Remember Balloons

by Jamie Oliveros, illustrated by Dana Wolfekotte (Ages 4-7)

James’s Grandpa has the best balloons because he has the best memories. He has balloons showing Dad when he was young and Grandma when they were married. But when Grandpa’s balloons begin to float away, James is heartbroken. No matter how hard he runs, James can’t catch them. This tender, sensitive picture book gently explains the memory loss associated with ageing and diseases such as Alzheimer’s, and how children might maintain their connection to grandparents in reminiscence.

Phyllis & Grace

by Nigel Gray, illustrated by Bethan Welby (Ages 4-8)

Grace is a little girl, and Phyllis is the old lady next door. Phyllis lives alone and her memory is fading, but that does not stop Grace from liking her. They find that, despite the gap in their ages, they have much in common and a moving and enduring friendship is born. This book depicts the deeply touching story of how a little girl befriends her elderly neighbour who has dementia. The sensitive and engaging illustrations are beautifully observed.

Nana Upstairs & Nana Downstairs

by Tomie daPaola (Ages 4-8)

Tommy is four years old, and he loves visiting the home of his grandmother, Nana Downstairs, and his great-grandmother, Nana Upstairs. But one day Tommy’s mother tells him Nana Upstairs will not be there anymore, and Tommy must struggle with saying good-bye to someone he loves. Updated with new, full-colour illustrations, this true story gently introduces young readers to the topic of death and loss.

The Day Abuelo Got Lost

by Diane De Anda, illustrated by Alleanna Harris (Ages 5-9)

A touching story about a boy and his grandfather who enjoy a special bond until Abuelo starts to lose his memory. Luis now has to find new activities for them to do together and in the process Luis realises that they still love each other. This book was named Most Inspiring Children’s Pick Book in 2020 and won the Latino Book Award.

Forget Me Not

by Nancy Van Lean, illustrated by Stephanie Graegin (Ages 6-8)

Young readers are given an emotionally powerful yet accessible introduction to what it is like having a close family member with Alzheimer’s disease in this deeply resonant story about the relationship between a girl and her grandmother.

This book is helpful for explaining more difficult behaviour changes to young children.

Where’s Grandma?

by Edmund Lim, illustrated by Tan Zi Xi (Ages 5-9)

Luke is a little different from other boys his age. His best friend is his Grandma. They would do everything together – walking to school, strolling in the park, and playing in the playground. That was before Grandma’s fall. Everything changed after that. A poignant story of how one boy copes with losing his beloved Grandma to Alzheimer’s disease only to discover something more powerful. Tan Zi Xi’s sensitive illustrations capture the pathos brilliantly. This book was selected for the National Library Board’s READ! Singapore programme for 2012.

Available in English, Tamil, Malay and Mandarin.

My Book About Brains, Change and Dementia : What is Dementia and What Does It Do?

by Lynda Moore, illustrated by George Haddon (Ages 5-8)

What does dementia do to the brain? How can we help if someone we know, like a parent or a grandparent, has dementia? This book breaks down misconceptions about dementia and speaks directly to children aged under five about the realities of the disease, using age-appropriate language in an engaging and informative way.

This book broaches the subject of death, so parents may want to supervise reading with their children.

What’s happening to Grandpa?

by Maria Shriver, illustrated by Sandra Speidel (Ages 6-9)

Kate has always adored her grandpa’s storytelling, but lately he has been repeating the same stories again and again. One day, he even forgets Kate’s name. Her mother’s explanation opens Kate’s eyes to what so many of the elderly must confront: Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of memory loss. A little word-heavy, this book shows how children might talk about their grandparents’ dementia with other children.

What Happens When My Grandparent has Alzheimer’s Disease?

By Christine Honders (Ages 7-10)

Why doesn’t grandma remember my name? Why does grandpa have to move into a care home? This book will help young readers understand what Alzheimer’s disease is and provides them with healthy coping strategies.

Coffee, rabbit, snowdrop, lost

by Betina Birkjær, illustrated by Anna Margrethe Kjærgaard, translated from Danish by Sinéad Quirke Køngerskov (Ages 7-10)

Stump’s grandfather starts to lose his memory – and his words, which literally fall from him. Stump tries his best to keep the lost words safe, collecting them in a special box. But Grandpa seems to forget more and more everyday, and the situation comes to a head one snowy night when Stump wakes up to find Grandpa missing.

This book provides honest and sensitive insights into difficulties in relationships impacted by dementia. It includes an afterword to the parent/guardian about dementia and recollection, written by Ove Dahl, a historian and head of the Danish Center for Reminiscence.

All That Remains

by James Tan (Ages 9+)

Inspired by real-life experiences, All That Remains weaves the personal stories of families touched by dementia into a moving and richly illustrated graphic novel suitable for children and young adults. Part of the Forget Us Not initiative by Lien Foundation, Dementia Singapore (formerly Alzheimer’s Disease Association) and Khoo Teck Puat Hospital.

Talking to the Moon

by S. E. Durrant (Ages 9+)

Iris’s grandmother, Mimi, starts wearing her clothes inside out, serving jam on scrambled eggs and talking to the moon. As Mimi’s life becomes more muddled up and a mystery from the past surfaces, Iris and her friend Mason must search for answers. A moving story of a grandmother living with dementia, told from her granddaughter’s perspective.

Hour of the Bees

by Lindsay Eagar (Ages 9-11)

Twelve-year-old Carol is spending her summer, helping her parents move Grandpa Serge into a home for people with dementia. Carol finds herself drawn to him, fascinated by the crazy stories he tells her about a healing tree, and the bees that will bring back the rain and end a hundred years of drought. This is a captivating novel about family, renewal, and discovering the wonders of the world.

Just Like Jackie

by Linsey Stoddard (Ages 9+)

For as long as Robinson Hart can remember, it has just been her and Grandpa. He teaches her about cars, baseball, and everything else worth knowing. But Grandpa’s memory has been getting bad — so bad that he sometimes cannot even remember Robbie’s name.

Curveball : The Year I Lost My Grip

by Jordan Sonnenblick (Ages 12+)

After an injury ends former star pitcher Peter Friedman’s athletic dreams, he concentrates on photography. This leads him to a girlfriend, new fame as a high school sports photographer, and a deeper relationship with the beloved grandfather who gives Pete all of his professional camera gear after realising he has dementia. A good book for teenagers navigating difficult changes and grandparents’ dementia.

Take Care, Son: The Story of My Dad and his Dementia

by Tony Husband (Ages 11+)

Hi Dad . . . can we have a chat about your dementia . . . Can you remember how it started?
When Ron Husband starts to forget things – dates, names, appointments . . . daft things, important things – it takes a while to realise that this is “a different form of forgetting.” But it is just the first sign of the illness that gradually takes him away from the family he loves. An emotional, personal account written from the perspective of an elderly father diagnosed with dementia, this book may aid children to empathise with a family member’s experience of dementia.

Special thanks to the National Library Board (NLB) for contributing to the book list.

Video Resources

Dementia-Friendly Kebun Baru:
Conversations with Dementia
Source: Our Kebun Baru, St. Luke’s Eldercare, Dementia Singapore

Dementia-friendly Kebun Baru is a series of four videos, featuring candid conversations between children and seniors with dementia living in the Kebun Baru Community. Despite dementia, conversations with the seniors do not have to be difficult for children.

Our Grandfather Story – Can Ask Meh?
Living with Dementia: Will You Ever Forget Me?
Source: Our Grandfather Story

Hear about persons living with dementia and their caregivers on this episode of ‘Can Ask Meh?’. This casual interview offers children a look into how family dynamics may be changed by dementia, and inspires hope for the family to remain connected.

#DementiaFriendlySG Exhibition
Sharing by Peter, Evon, Maia & Maesi
Source: Dementia-Friendly Singapore

Hear from Peter and Evon Estrop, and their granddaughters Maia and Maesi on how they support and care for each other through their journey with dementia.

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Service Provider	In Partnership With
Allkin Singapore Ltd	Sengkang General Hospital
Allkin Singapore Ltd	Ang Mo Kio Polyclinic Punggol Polyclinic
Dementia Singapore Ltd	Khoo Teck Puat Hospital National Neuroscience Institute Tan Tock Seng Hospital
Fei Yue Community Services	Ng Teng Fong General Hospital
Fei Yue Community Services	Bukit Batok Polyclinic Bukit Panjang Polyclinic Choa Chu Kang Polyclinic
Filos Community Services Ltd	Institute of Mental Health Woodlands Health
Filos Community Services Ltd	Geylang Polyclinic Tampines Polyclinic
Montfort Care	Changi General Hospital
Montfort Care	Eunos Polyclinic
NTUC Health Co-operative Ltd	Alexandra Hospital National University Hospital
NTUC Health Co-operative Ltd	Clementi Polyclinic Jurong Polyclinic Pioneer Polyclinic Queenstown Polyclinic
Thye Hua Kwan Moral Charities Limited	Singapore General Hospital
Thye Hua Kwan Moral Charities Limited	Outram Polyclinic

All About Dementia Archives - DementiaHub.SG

Hearing Loss: A Hidden Risk Factor for Dementia

In this Article

Introduction

What is the Connection of Hearing Loss and Dementia

Types of Hearing Loss

Early Signs of Hearing Loss

Tips for Prevention and Intervention

Prevention

Tip

Intervention

Conclusion

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Shaping Dementia Landscape in Singapore

In this Article

Introduction

Laying the Foundations

Image Caption: Dr Ang Pye Chye at ADA Staff and Volunteer Day

Growth of Dementia Capability and Safeguards in Singapore

Expanding Advocacy and Community Engagement

Nationwide Campaigns

Growth of Community and Ageing in Place Initiative

Innovation as the Future of Dementia Care

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Programmes and Services

CARE & SUPPORT SERVICES

SOCIAL ACTIVITIES/PROGRAMMES

MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE SERVICES

ADDITIONAL RESOURCE

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Alzheimer’s Disease

In this Article

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

How Common is Alzheimer's Disease?

Main Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease

Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

Managing Risk

Diagnosis

How can I get support for myself or a loved one?

Additional Resources

Understanding Different Types of Dementia (PDF) Source: National Institute on Aging

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: what everyone needs to know by Sabat, Steven R. Available for loan from the National Library Board

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How is Dementia Diagnosed?

In this Article

Overview of the diagnostic process

On visits to the doctor, bring a trusted person along

The diagnostic process may include these procedures

1. Interviews

2. Tests for other existing medical conditions

3. Cognitive screening and assessments

4. Blood tests

5. Brain imaging

Where to get more information and support

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Understanding Different Types of Dementia (PDF)
Source: National Institute on Aging

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: what everyone needs to know by Sabat, Steven R.
Available for loan from the National Library Board